Social Equity in the Smart Grid

Interruptions in electricity supply may have a series of failures that can affect banking, telecommunications, traffic, and safety sectors. Due to the two-way interactive abilities, Smart Grid allows consumers to automatically redirect on failure, or shut down of the equipment. Smart Grid technologies are the costly ones; however, due to the mitigation of possible problems, they are economically sound. Smart grids can't operate without smart meters, which may easily transmit real-time power consumption data to energy data centers, helping the consumer to make effective decisions about how much energy to use and at what time of day. Smart Grid meters do allow the consumer to track and reduce energy consumption bills during peak hours and increase the corresponding consumption during minimum hours. At a higher level of management (e.g., on the level of separate region or country), the Smart Grid distribution system operators have the opportunity to increase the reliability of power supply primarily by detecting or preventing emergencies. Ukraine's energy system is currently outdated and cannot withstand current loads. High levels of wear of the main and auxiliary equipment of the power system and uneven load distribution in the network often lead to emergencies and power outages. The Smart Grid achievements and energy sustainability are also related to the energy trilemma, which consists of key core dimensions– Energy Security, Energy Equity, and Environmental Sustainability. To be competitive in the world energy market, the country has to organize efficiently the cooperation of public/private actors, governments, economic and social agents, environmental issues, and individual consumer behaviors. Ukraine gained 61 positions out of 128 countries in a list in 2019 on the energy trilemma index. In general, Ukraine has a higher than average energy security position and lower than average energy equity, and environmental sustainability positions. Given the fact that the number of renewable energy sources is measured in hundreds and thousands, network management is complicated and requires a Smart Grid rapid response. Keywords: economic development, Smart Grid, electricity supply, economic and environmental efficiency.

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Global Trends in the Political Economy of Smart Grids

10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0017 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cherrelle Eid ◽

Rudi Hakvoort ◽

Martin de Jong

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Smart Grids ◽

The United States ◽

Industry Structure ◽

Electricity Sector ◽

Distributed Energy ◽

Global Trends ◽

Political Economic ◽

Regulatory Models ◽

Global Transition

The global transition towards sustainable, secure, and affordable electricity supply is driving changes in the consumption, production, and transportation of electricity. This chapter provides an overview of three main causes of political–economic tensions with smart grids in the United States, Europe, and China, namely industry structure, regulatory models, and the impact of energy policy. In all cases, the developments are motivated by the possible improvements in reliability and affordability yielded by smart grids, while sustainability of the electricity sector is not a central motivation. A holistic smart grid vision would open up possibilities for better integration of distributed energy resources. The authors recommend that smart grid investments should remain outside of the regulatory framework for utilities and distribution service operators in order to allow for such developments.

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Securing SDN-Enabled Smart Power Grids

Cyber-Physical Systems for Next-Generation Networks - Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5510-0.ch004 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 79-98

Author(s):

Uttam Ghosh ◽

Pushpita Chatterjee ◽

Sachin Shetty

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Single Point ◽

Performance Comparison ◽

Power Grids ◽

Smart Power ◽

Control Center ◽

Grid Networks ◽

Result Show ◽

Sdn Controller

Software-defined networking (SDN) provides flexibility in controlling, managing, and dynamically reconfiguring the distributed heterogeneous smart grid networks. Considerably less attention has been received to provide security in SDN-enabled smart grids. Centralized SDN controller protects smart grid networks against outside attacks only. Furthermore, centralized SDN controller suffers from a single point of compromise and failure which is detrimental to security and reliability. This chapter presents a framework with multiple SDN controllers and security controllers that provides a secure and robust smart grid architecture. The proposed framework deploys a local IDS to provide security in a substation. Whereas a global IDS is deployed to provide security in control center and overall smart grid network, it further verifies the consequences of control-commands issued by SDN controller and SCADA master. Performance comparison and simulation result show that the proposed framework is efficient as compared to existing security frameworks for SDN-enabled smart grids.

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Formal Verification of ZigBee-Based Routing Protocol for Smart Grids

Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition - Advances in Information Quality and Management ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch069 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1002-1017

Author(s):

Adnan Rashid ◽

Osman Hasan

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Formal Methods ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Routing Protocols ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Power Grids ◽

Communication Link ◽

Grid Systems ◽

Efficiency Performance

Smart grids provide a digital upgradation of the conventional power grids by alleviating the power outages and voltage sags that occur due to their inefficient communication technologies and systems. They mainly tend to strengthen the efficiency, performance, and reliability of the traditional grids by establishing a trusted communication link between their different components through routing protocols. The conventional methods, i.e., the computer-based simulations and net testing, for analyzing these routing network protocols are error-prone and thus cannot be relied upon while analyzing the safety-critical smart grid systems. Formal methods can cater for the above-mentioned inaccuracies and thus can be very beneficial in analyzing communication protocols used in smart grids. In order to demonstrate the utilization and effectiveness of formal methods in analyzing smart grid routing protocols, we use the UPPAAL model checker to formally model the ZigBee-based routing protocol. We also verify some of its properties, such as, liveness, collision avoidance and deadlock freeness.

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Smart Grid Topologies Paving the Way for an Urban Resilient Continuity Management

10.4018/978-1-6684-3666-0.ch060 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1335-1359

Author(s):

Sadeeb Simon Ottenburger ◽

Thomas Münzberg ◽

Misha Strittmatter

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Power Distribution ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Power Flow ◽

Operation Mode ◽

Urban Resilience ◽

Power Distribution Network ◽

Vast Number ◽

Adequate Provision ◽

Advanced Metering

The generation and supply of electricity is currently about to undergo a fundamental transition that includes extensive development of smart grids. Smart grids are huge and complex networks consisting of a vast number of devices and entities which are connected with each other. This opens new variations of disruption scenarios which can increase the vulnerability of a power distribution network. However, the network topology of a smart grid has significant effects on urban resilience particularly referring to the adequate provision of infrastructures. Thus, topology massively codetermines the degree of urban resilience, i.e. different topologies enable different strategies of power distribution. Therefore, this article introduces a concept of criticality adapted to a power system relying on an advanced metering infrastructure. The authors propose a two-stage operationalization of this concept that refers to the design phase of a smart grid and its operation mode, targeting at an urban resilient power flow during power shortage.

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Securing SDN-Enabled Smart Power Grids

10.4018/978-1-6684-3666-0.ch046 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1028-1046

Author(s):

Uttam Ghosh ◽

Pushpita Chatterjee ◽

Sachin Shetty

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Single Point ◽

Performance Comparison ◽

Power Grids ◽

Smart Power ◽

Control Center ◽

Grid Networks ◽

Result Show ◽

Sdn Controller

Software-defined networking (SDN) provides flexibility in controlling, managing, and dynamically reconfiguring the distributed heterogeneous smart grid networks. Considerably less attention has been received to provide security in SDN-enabled smart grids. Centralized SDN controller protects smart grid networks against outside attacks only. Furthermore, centralized SDN controller suffers from a single point of compromise and failure which is detrimental to security and reliability. This chapter presents a framework with multiple SDN controllers and security controllers that provides a secure and robust smart grid architecture. The proposed framework deploys a local IDS to provide security in a substation. Whereas a global IDS is deployed to provide security in control center and overall smart grid network, it further verifies the consequences of control-commands issued by SDN controller and SCADA master. Performance comparison and simulation result show that the proposed framework is efficient as compared to existing security frameworks for SDN-enabled smart grids.

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Smart grids investigation and analysis in terms of cost benefits

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i2.22.12168 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2.21) ◽

pp. 185

Author(s):

B Rubini ◽

N Shanmugasundaram ◽

S Pradeepkumar

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Distribution Automation ◽

Power Networks ◽

Distributed Energy ◽

Smart Power ◽

Advanced Technologies ◽

Advanced Metering ◽

Grid Operation

Currently, different advanced technologies are implemented in power networks, with aim to improve power quality and reliability of grid operation. Naturally, Distribution Automation and Management Systems (DAMS), Smart power equipment, Advanced Metering Structure, Distributed Energy Resources and/or systems Demand Response are implemented in electricity distribution networks. Smart Grid Solutions coordinate different advanced technologies in an efficient energy management system. Outline Smart Grid Solutions, with investments of estimation, possible benefits and operation costs, is presented in this article, with estimation of cost-effectiveness in a lifetime of particular systems.

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Exploring the Privacy Issues of Smart-Grid Infrastructure – A Network Security Perspective

Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences ◽

10.36785/buitems.jaes.326 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 165-169

Keyword(s):

Network Security ◽

Smart Grid ◽

Real Time ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Data Communication ◽

Grid Infrastructure ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Holistic View ◽

The Public ◽

Public Networks

The proposed smart grid infrastructure aims to make use of the existing public networks such as internet for data communication between consumer premises to the public power utility network. The smart-grid adopts smart-meters which basically collect vast amount of data to provide a holistic view of the connected load behavior and preferences pattern related to power and water consumption. The smart-grids provide benefits to the utilities and consumers alike. For utilities the benefits are real time data collection, ease of power management, and reduced personnel requirement. The benefits for the users on the other hand include availability of real time usage data, providing information on ways to minimize power consumption, monetary savings and so on. Since, the smart-grid uses existing public networks the utilities do not have the burden of installing any new infrastructure (except for installing the smart-meters), thus an added advantage. But, the downside of using the public network is susceptibility to a variety of network attacks, if not guarded well against. This paper talks about the various network security vulnerabilities that exist and the measures to patch the same before employing in the smart grid networks.

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Authentication of Smart Grid

Cryptography ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1763-5.ch015 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 257-276

Author(s):

Melesio Calderón Muñoz ◽

Melody Moh

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Communication Networks ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Mesh Networks ◽

Quantum Computer ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Public Key Cryptography ◽

Power Grids ◽

Public Key ◽

Self Healing

The electrical power grid forms the functional foundation of our modern societies, but in the near future our aging electrical infrastructure will not be able to keep pace with our demands. As a result, nations worldwide have started to convert their power grids into smart grids that will have improved communication and control systems. A smart grid will be better able to incorporate new forms of energy generation as well as be self-healing and more reliable. This paper investigates a threat to wireless communication networks from a fully realized quantum computer, and provides a means to avoid this problem in smart grid domains. We discuss and compare the security aspects, the complexities and the performance of authentication using public-key cryptography and using Merkel trees. As a result, we argue for the use of Merkle trees as opposed to public key encryption for authentication of devices in wireless mesh networks (WMN) used in smart grid applications.

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Modelling Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Network Architectures for Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks

Sustainable Infrastructure ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-0948-7.ch003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 45-64

Author(s):

Nazmus S. Nafi ◽

Khandakar Ahmed ◽

Mark A. Gregory

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Network Architecture ◽

Area Measurement ◽

Fully Integrated ◽

Smart Grid Communications ◽

Last Mile ◽

Grid Applications ◽

Advanced Metering ◽

Machine Communication

In a smart grid machine to machine communication environment, the separation of the control and data planes in the Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm increases flexibility, controllability and manageability of the network. A fully integrated SDN based WSN network can play a more prominent role by providing ‘last mile' connectivity while serving various Smart Grid applications and offer improved security, guaranteed Quality of Service and flexible interworking capabilities. Hence, more efforts are required to explore the potential role of SDN in Smart Grid communications and thereby ensure its optimum utilization. In this chapter we provide a description of how SDN technology can be used in WSN with an emphasis on its end-to-end network architecture. We then present its novel application to Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Substation Automation, Distributed Energy Resources, Wide Area Measurement Systems, and Roaming of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids.

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