scholarly journals Sero-Prevalence of Rubella Virus among Pregnant Women in Kaduna State Nigeria 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishatu Gubio ◽  
Steve Olonitola ◽  
Edward Jattau ◽  
Maryam Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

ObjectiveTo determine the IgM and IgG antibodies of rubella viruscirculating among pregnant women in Kaduna State Nigeria.IntroductionRubella virus causes -“German measles,” also known as “three-daymeasles.” This is usually a milder disease than red measles. Red/Hardmeasles or just measles is caused by Rubeola virus. The result of acuteinfection of the virus is a benign systematic rash which is significantlypathogenic to humans. This virus is a, positive-strand RNA virus thatreplicates in the cytoplasm of the infected cell.(Brooks et al., 2007).If placental infection of the virus spread during 8-10 weeks gestationit causes a chronic infection of the fetus leading to the developmentof congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) (Matthewset al., 2011) Theeffect of the infection of the several organ systems which include theeyes, ears, heart, brain, and endocrine system is known as congenitalrubella infection (CRI) (Chantleret, al.,2001)Rubella is endemic in Nigeria. Studies among women of childbearing age in Nigeria put seroprevalence at 66.6% in Imo, 77% inLagos and 93.5% in Oyo (8-10). Thus as part of the control measure,the availability of an effective vaccine to prevent Rubella infectionand therefore CRS, is necessary to evaluate the burden of disease ina country where MMR vaccine is not covered in the immunizationschedule or in vaccination strategyMethodsA cross-sectional study carried out on pregnant women attendingante-natal clinic from the three different senatorial district in Kadunastate. Blood samples were screened for rubella IgM & IgG antibodyusing commercially produced enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), Questionnaires were administered to obtain demographicinformation and possible risk factors associated with rubella virus.Data was analzyed using Epi Info 6 Version 3.5.3.ResultsOf the 900 pregnant women screened, 572(63.3%) were positivefor rubella IgG. The prevalence of rubella IgG was highest among theage group 21-25 with 198(34.6%) and IgM was highest among theage group 21-25(51.3%). The IgG test results shows that 317 (66.0%)pregnant women tested positive for their first trimester, while the IgMpositive results shows 17(33.3%) for their first trimester. Although thesouthern senatorial district had the highest seroprevalence 14(35.9%)among the three centres, the differences were not statisticallysignificant (p>0.05). Only 3 people claimed to have been vaccinatedagainst rubella virus. Acquisition of primary education and being ahouse wife were insignificantly associated with raised titres. (p>0.05).ConclusionsThe serological evidence of rubella virus found in pregnant womenamong age group & their first trimester in this study is an indicationthat rubella is prevalent in Nigeria. It is however still necessary toimmunize seronegative women against rubella before they getpregnant.

scholarly journals Is it time to administer acellular pertussis vaccine to childbearing age/pregnant women in all areas using whole-cell pertussis vaccination schedule?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 251513552110158
Author(s):  
Abdoulreza Esteghamati ◽  
Shirin Sayyahfar ◽  
Yousef Alimohamadi ◽  
Sarvenaz Salahi ◽  
Mahmood Faramarzi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Childbearing Age Women ◽  
The Mean

Background: Whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine administration is still advocated for children under 7 years of age in Iran. However, there is no recommendation for the administration of a dose of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine to childbearing age/pregnant women in the Iranian vaccination program and it has increased the risk of infection through waning immunity during women’s childbearing age life. The study aimed to assess the levels of anti- Bordetella pertussis antibodies in childbearing age women of different ages in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total number of 360 childbearing age women divided into six age groups, with 5-year intervals from 15 to 45 years old, in 2018–2019. Then, the levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against B. pertussis were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 16.0) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 30.01 ± 8.35 years (range 14–45 years). All the cases were IgM negative, but two IgA-positive individuals (in the age groups of 14–19 and 30–34 years) were reported. Overall, 239 (66.4%) cases were IgG positive. The mean age of IgG-positive cases was 30.37 ± 8.37 years. The IgG-positive cases were mostly in the age groups of 30–34 and 35–39 years [43 (71.1%)]. The odds of IgG positivity were 1.97. The highest odds of IgG positivity were seen in 30–34 and 35–39 years groups (2.52) and the lowest odds were seen in the 20–24 and 25–29 years groups (1.60). Using the Jonckheere–Terpstra test, the increasing trend of IgG changes in different age groups was not statistically significant (Tπ=5.78, p = 0.09). Conclusion: The infants of women of childbearing age might be prone to pertussis in countries using the wP vaccination schedule. It is suggested to administer a dose of Tdap to women before or during pregnancy to increase the immunity of their infants against this disease during early infancy.

Evaluation of Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women Using Automated Immunoassays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Aaron Geno ◽  
Matthew S Reed ◽  
Mark A Cervinski ◽  
Robert D Nerenz
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Equilibrium Dialysis ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Free Thyroxine ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Thyroid Autoantibody ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Automated free thyroxine (FT4) immunoassays are widely available, but professional guidelines discourage their use in pregnant women due to theoretical under-recoveries attributed to increased thyroid hormone binding capacity and instead advocate the use of total T4 (TT4) or free thyroxine index (FTI). The impact of this recommendation on the classification of thyroid status in apparently euthyroid pregnant patients was evaluated. Methods After excluding specimens with thyroid autoantibody concentrations above reference limits, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), FT4, TT4, and T-uptake were measured on the Roche Cobas® platform in remnant clinical specimens from at least 147 nonpregnant women of childbearing age and pregnant women at each trimester. Split-sample comparisons of FT4 as measured by the Cobas and equilibrium dialysis were performed. Results FT4 decreased with advancing gestational age by both immunoassay and equilibrium dialysis. TSH declined during the first trimester, remained constant in the second, and increased throughout the third, peaking just before delivery. Interpretation of TT4 concentrations using 1.5-times the nonpregnant reference interval classified 13.6% of first trimester specimens below the lower reference limit despite TSH concentrations within trimester-specific reference intervals. Five FTI results from 480 pregnant individuals (about 1.0%) fell outside the manufacturer’s reference interval. Conclusions Indirect FT4 immunoassay results interpreted in the context of trimester-specific reference intervals provide a practical and viable alternative to TT4 or FTI. Declining FT4 and increasing TSH concentrations near term suggest that declining FT4 is not an analytical artifact but represents a true physiological change in preparation for labor and delivery.

Hazards of vaccination in pregnancy

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-15
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination ◽  
In Pregnancy

With the effects of certain chemical agents and rubella in mind, most authorities advise caution in the use of all vaccines during pregnancy and especially during the first trimester. The booklet issued by the Department of Health and Social Security1 lists pregnancy as a contra-indication to rubella, smallpox and polio vaccinations, with certain provisions, and the manufacturers’ literature adds yellow fever vaccination. Pregnant women wishing to travel obviously pose a problem. Neither the doctor nor the patient may be aware of an early pregnancy and this is always a hazard when vaccinating women and girls of childbearing age. However, apart from rubella and smallpox vaccinations, the risks are hypothetical.

MEASUREMENT OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1 (PAI-1) IN PLASMA WITH AN ELISA BASED ON TWO MURINE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Declerck ◽  
M C Alessi ◽  
M Verstreken ◽  
E K O Kruithof ◽  
I Juhan-Vague ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽  
Murine Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Pai 1

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) was developed, based on two murine monoclonal antibodies (MA-7D4B7 and MA-7F5), raised against purified PAI-1 from HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells, which react with non-overlapping epitopes. MA-7D4B7 was coated on microtiter plates and bound PAI-1 antigen was quantitated with MA-7F5 conjugated with horseradish peroxidase.In normal plasma, collected on citrate at pH 7.4, the PAI-1 level is 27 ± 16 ng/ml (mean ± SD, n=ll), with a corresponding value of 19 ± 11 ng/ml (n=12) in plasma collected on acid citrate pH 4.5, which inhibits the release of PAI-1 from platelets. The lower limit of the assay in plasma is 2 ng/ml; the intra-assay, inter-assay and inter-dilution coefficients of variation are 5.2%, 8.0% and 7.1% respectively.This ELISA was used to measure PAI-1 levels in plasma (collected on citrate, pH 7.4) of non-pregnant women and of women at different stages of pregnancy. A progressive increase is observed : before: 20±9 ng/ml, n=7; first trimester: 25 ± 12 ng/ml, n=5; second trimester: 40 ± 25 ng/ml, n=ll; third trimester: 98 ± 46 ng/ml, n=13. A correlation coefficient of 0.70 is found between the duration of pregnancy and the PAI-1 level.Preliminary data indicate that the PAI-1 antigen level is increased in several disease states, including myocardial infarction and deep vein thrombosis.Thus, this newly developed ELISA allows a direct measurement of the fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activator in plasma. Application of this assay to plasma of non-pregnant and pregnant women substantiates previous results obtained with the use of functional assays. In order to quantitate PAI-1 antigen circulating in plasma, blood should be collected under conditions that prevent platelet stimulation.

scholarly journals Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene Polymorphism, Vaginal Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Concentrations, and Vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum Colonization in Pregnant Women

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parrin T. Barton ◽  
Stefan Gerber ◽  
Daniel W. Skupski ◽  
Steven S. Witkin
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Uneventful Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Ureaplasma urealyticum is the microorganism most frequently isolated from amniotic fluids of women in preterm labor. The relationship between vaginal colonization with U. urealyticum, vaginal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) levels, and the IL-1ra genotype in pregnant women was examined. Vaginal specimens, obtained with a cotton swab from 207 women in their first trimester of pregnancy, were tested for IL-1ra concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for U. urealyticum and IL-1ra genotypes by PCR. U. urealyticum was detected in 85 (41.1%) women. The median IL-1ra level was 450 ng/ml in women positive for U. urealyticum, as opposed to 225 ng/ml in women negative for this microorganism (P < 0.0001). Sixty-two percent of the 16 women who were homozygous for allele 2 of the IL-1ra gene (IL-1RN*2) were colonized with U. urealyticum, as opposed to 47% of the 49 women who were IL-1RN*1/IL-1RN*2 heterozygotes and 34% of the 133 women who were IL-1RN*1 homozygotes (P < 0.05). Median IL-1ra levels were 750 ng/ml in IL-1RN*2 homozygotes, 300 ng/ml in IL-1RN*1/IL-1RN*2 heterozygotes, and 250 ng/ml in IL-1RN*1 homozygotes (P = 0.02). The vast majority of subjects had an uneventful pregnancy and delivered a healthy infant at term. The IL-1ra genotype or U. urealyticum colonization was unrelated to birth weight. Pregnant women who are colonized with U. urealyticum during the first trimester have elevated vaginal IL-1ra concentrations and a higher prevalence of the IL-1RN*2 homozygote genotype than do noncolonized women.

Rubella Virus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmaculate Lebo ◽  
Susan Reef
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Mental Impairment ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Fetal Infection

Rubella infection in pregnant women, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriages, fetal deaths, stillbirths, or a constellation of congenital anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Infants born with CRS often present with a myriad of classical symptoms, including hearing impairment, congenital heart defects, cataracts, and mental impairment. The risk of developing a congenital defect is highest when the rubella infection occurs during the first 12 weeks of gestation. The risks associated with fetal infection are primarily in pregnant women who are not immune to the rubella virus; immunity is acquired through vaccination with a rubella-containing vaccine or develops naturally following infection with rubella virus. In 2010, approximately 105,000 children with CRS were born globally, with an estimated 49,229 and 38,712 CRS cases born in the Southeast Asia and African WHO regions, respectively. Significant progress has been made toward reducing the burden of rubella and CRS cases globally through the introduction of rubella-containing vaccines in many countries.

scholarly journals Mumps Virus Nucleoprotein and Hemagglutinin-Specific Antibody Response Following a Third Dose of Measles Mumps Rubella Vaccine

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R Latner ◽  
Amy Parker Fiebelkorn ◽  
Marcia McGrew ◽  
Nobia J Williams ◽  
Laura A Coleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Potential Benefits

Abstract Background Recent mumps outbreaks among 2-dose measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine recipients have raised questions regarding the potential benefits of a third dose of vaccine (MMR3). If MMR3 provides a sustained elevation in mumps antibody, it may be beneficial for certain at-risk groups or as an outbreak control measure. Methods Sera were collected immediately prior to MMR3 and at 1 month and 1 year post-MMR3 from 656 healthy adults aged 18–28 years in a nonoutbreak setting. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using whole mumps virus (commercial ELISA), hemagglutinin (HN; major neutralizing target), and nucleoprotein (NP; immunodominant) antigens. ELISA measurements were compared with in vitro plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) titers, and baseline antibody was compared with post-MMR3 levels. Results There were modest but statistically significant (P &lt; .05) increases in mumps antibody at 1 month post-MMR3 by all 3 ELISA methods and by PRN titer. At 1 year post-MMR3, mumps antibody declined toward baseline but remained elevated (P &lt; .05). The correlation between PRN titers and ELISA measurements was poor (r2 = .49), although sera with the highest amount of HN IgG also had the highest PRN titers. Conclusions Individuals with the lowest baseline PRN titers had the largest increase in frequency of samples that became positive for HN and NP by ELISA. A third dose of MMR may benefit certain individuals with a low level of mumps virus–neutralizing antibody, especially in the context of an outbreak or other high-risk setting. Additionally, poor correlation among serologic tests does not allow effective prediction of PRN titer by ELISA.

Transcriptional signatures associated with rubella virus‐specific humoral immunity after a third dose of MMR vaccine in women of childbearing age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iana H. Haralambieva ◽  
Katherine G. Eberhard ◽  
Inna G. Ovsyannikova ◽  
Diane E. Grill ◽  
Daniel J. Schaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Childbearing Age

scholarly journals Clinical and Pathogenetic Causes of Developing Complications in Multiple Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. E202016
Author(s):  
Iryna Nikitina ◽  
Volodymyr Boiko ◽  
Tetiana Babar ◽  
Natalia Kalashnik ◽  
Nataliia Ikonopistseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Placental Growth Factor ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Dysfunction ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

To assess the role of the placental growth factor in the development of gestational complications during multiple pregnancy, there was conducted a study of this indicator in serum of 320 pregnant women with multiple pregnancy in the first trimester and 40 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy (the control group).          The objective of the research was to study the effect of placental growth factors on the gestational process in multiple pregnancy.          Materials and Methods. There was conducted a prospective study of pregnancy and childbirth in 320 females with multiple pregnancy (the main group) and 40 healthy women with singleton pregnancy. The level of serum placental growth factor was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies in the first trimester of pregnancy. The indicators of the hemostasis system (vascular, platelet and coagulation components) were evaluated according to generally accepted methods. Doppler ultrasound of the placental and fetal blood flow was performed in the uterine arteries, the umbilical artery and vein, the fetal middle cerebral artery.          Results. Women with multiple pregnancy were at high risk of developing gestational complications such as preterm deliveries (67.8%, p<0.01), placental dysfunction, pre-eclampsia (17.5%, p<0.05). The disorders of the vascular platelet and coagulation hemostasis in the first trimester of pregnancy were the main risk factors for early termination of pregnancy. Low level of serum placental growth factor in pregnant women with multiple pregnancy in case of preterm delivery, placental dysfunction and pre-eclampsia (111.23 ± 8.4, 203.24 ± 6.4 and 305.86 ± 7.4 pg/ml), in comparison with the corresponding indicators in singleton pregnancy (418.2 ± 10.4 pg/ml), was proven to be a prognostic marker for the development of gestational complications.          Conclusions. Timely correction of gestational complications in multiple pregnancy with micronized progesterone, low molecular weight heparins, angio-protective agents allowed us to prolong pregnancy with monochorionic placentation type for 3.2 weeks (up to 34.2 ± 2.4 weeks) and provide full-time delivery of dichorionic twin pregnancy.

309. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN ELISA FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT FACTOR A3 (HtrA3): EARLY DETECTION OF PREECLAMPSIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
K. Dynon ◽  
G. Nie
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hypertensive Disorder ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Human Sera

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic condition in pregnant women that can be life threatening for both mother and baby. PE is a hypertensive disorder that develops concurrently with proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Abnormal placental development during early pregnancy precedes the onset of PE later in gestation. Early diagnosis of PE is essential to reduce PE-related mortality and morbidity. To date there is no clinically useful biochemical diagnostic method that can detect PE during early pregnancy. Our laboratory discovered and cloned the serine protease HtrA3 and has shown that HtrA3 protein levels are intimately involved in placentation (1). Persistently high serum levels of HtrA3 are detected at the end of the first trimester in pregnant women who subsequently develop PE, suggesting that monitoring HtrA3 in maternal blood during early pregnancy may identify women at risk for PE. To develop monoclonal antibodies specific for HtrA3; and to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HtrA3 in human sera. Monoclonal antibodies were generated against full length human HtrA3 and small HtrA3 peptides and tested on recombinant HtrA3, human sera and first trimester decidual and villous tissues using western blot, immunoprecipitation and Amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (Alpha)LISA technology. Three antibody pairs were identified that detected either short and/or long isoforms of HtrA3 in sera and placental tissues. Recombinant HtrA3 was detected by AlphaLISA and higher levels of HtrA3 were detected in serum of PE women compared to gestation-matched controls in preliminary testing. These antibody pairs can now be used for the development of specific and high throughput assays. The AlphaLISA will then be used to validate that abnormal serum HtrA3 levels during early pregnancy can predict preeclampsia. (1) Nie et al, (2006) Biol Reprod 74, 366–374.

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