scholarly journals Formal Philosophy of Science: Statement and Set-theoretic Approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Nikolay Arkhiereev
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Formal Methods ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Natural Development ◽  
Formal Philosophy ◽  
Syntactic Relation ◽  
Theoretic Semantic ◽  
Science Statement

The so-called received view of scientific theory, initially proposed by logical positivists, represented scientific theory as a set of statements of some formal language, ordered by syntactic relation of deductive derivability. By late 1960s this strategy had met with severe criticism which called into question the effectiveness of formal methods in philosophy of science. The set-theoretic (semantic) approach in formal philosophy of science, which can be treated as natural development of received view, is based on the concept of model in Tarski’s sense and is capable of neutralizing the most part of these objections.

Duhem, Quine and a New Empiricism

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 191-209
Author(s):  
Mary Hesse
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Great Books ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Empiricism

As in the case of great books in all branches of philosophy, Pierre Duhem's Le Théorie Physique, first published in 1906, can be looked to as the progenitor of many different and even conflicting currents in subsequent philosophy of science. On a superficial reading, it seems to be an expression of what later came to be called deductivist and instrumentalist analyses of scientific theory. Duhem's very definition of physical theory, put forward early in the book, is the quintessence of instrumentalism:A physical theory is not an explanation. It is a system of mathematical propositions, deduced from a small number of principles, which aim to represent as simply, as completely, and as exactly as possible a set of experimental laws [p. 19].

scholarly journals Eliminativism and Evolutionary Debunking

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Bagwell
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Multiple Realizability ◽  
Ordinary Object ◽  
Evolutionary Debunking Arguments ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Debunking Arguments ◽  
Evolutionary Debunking

Eliminativists sometimes invoke evolutionary debunking arguments against ordinary object beliefs, either to help them establish object skepticism or to soften the appeal of commonsense ontology. I argue that object debunkers face a self-defeat problem: their conclusion undermines the scientific support for one of their premises, because evolutionary biology depends on our object beliefs. Using work on reductionism and multiple realizability from the philosophy of science, I argue that it will not suffice for an eliminativist debunker to simply appeal to some object-free surrogate theory of evolution that results from converting any scientific proposition about some object K into a proposition about simples arranged K-wise. In the process, I examine some hazards peculiar to eliminative reductions of scientific theories, and propose a trilemma for eliminativists who attempt to recoup generality for ontologically sparse reducing theories by appealing to pluralities of simples arranged K-wise. The paper is intended to define and develop the object debunker’s self-defeat problem for further study, and to clarify some of the ways sparse and abundant ontologies interact with scientific theory.

scholarly journals Scientific Representation, Causality and Induction in L. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Eduardo Simões
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Representation ◽  
Geometric Representation ◽  
Logical Basis ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Proper Context

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the Wittgenstein Tractatus deals with themes related to the laws of nature, as well as with the metatheoretical principles of science. More specifically, our intention is to expose the notions of scientific representation linked to principles such as those of causality and induction. As a starting point, we propose that the notion of non-precedence of one scientific theory over another is of Hertzian inspiration, which argues that “one image may be more suitable for one purpose, another for another” (HERTZ, 1956, p. 3). As an unfolding of this notion, the systems of geometric representation of Hertz and Boltzmann will serve the Tractatus in order to demonstrate that laws, like the law of causality, as form and not content, only represent the network (any method) that, after all, is optional. On the other hand, metatheoretical principles such as induction have no logical basis and their effect, in the wake of what Hume thought, is only psychological. Like the other themes of the Tractatus, its Philosophy of Science cannot be understood outside a broader context, which is the proper context to the criticism of language. Therefore, what is presented here intends not to be divorced from the relationship between logic, language and science, since, in our view, these are the three pillars of support of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

scholarly journals SEMANTIK AL-QUR’AN (PENDEKATAN SEMANTIK AL-QUR’AN THOSHIHIKO IZUTZU)

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Derhana Bulan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Structural Semantics ◽  
Holy Book

Al-Qur'an as a text (signs) of the holy book, can always be interpreted and the opportunity is always open to be studied and thought about the meaning of the verses, according to its position as "tibyãn li kulli syai" (reference interpretation of everything) . Regarding the Semantic approach that was initiated by Tashihiko Izutzu became an influential part in tracing the true meaning of a word contained in the Qur'an. The semantic approach has many branches of scientific theory, however, the semantic branch of Toshihiko Izutzu's theory is structural semantics, in this theory there are two operational steps it offers to study aspects of the basic meaning of a word and study the relational meaning (new meaning), from researching this rational aspect of emergence some analysis about that.Keywords: Semantics; Al-Qur’an;  Thoshihiko Izutzu. Al-Qur’ãn sebagai teks (tanda-tanda) kitab suci, senantiasa dapat ditafsirkan dan selalu terbuka peluang untuk dikaji dan dipikirkan makna ayat-ayat-nya, sesuai dengan posisinya sebagai “tibyãn li kulli syai” (referensi penafsiran terhadap segala sesuatu). Perihal pendekatan Semantik yang digagas oleh Tashihiko Izutzu menjadi bagian yang berpengaruh dalam penelusuran hakikat sebuah makna kata yang terdapat pada al-Qur’an. Pendekatan semantik memiliki banyak cabang teori keilmuwan akan tetapi, cabang teori semantik Toshihiko Izutzu ialah semantik struktural, dalam teori ini ada dua langkah operasional yang ditawarkannya yaitu mengkaji aspek makna dasar suatu kata dan mengkaji makna relasional (makna baru), dari meneliti aspek ralasional ini munculnya beberapa analisis tentang itu.Kata kunci: Semantik; Al-Quran; Thoshihiko Izutzu.

scholarly journals Continuous Verification of Network Security Compliance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claas Lorenz ◽  
Vera Clemens ◽  
Max Schrötter ◽  
Bettina Schnor
Keyword(s):  
Network Security ◽  
Complex Networks ◽  
Formal Methods ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rule Sets ◽  
Compliance Verification ◽  
Security Compliance ◽  
High Level

Continuous verification of network security compliance is an accepted need. Especially, the analysis of stateful packet filters plays a central role for network security in practice. But the few existing tools which support the analysis of stateful packet filters show runtimes in the order of minutes to hours making them unsuitable for continuous compliance verification.<br>In this work, we address these challenges and present a solution which is based on the application of formal methods. First, we introduce the formal language FPL that enables a high-level human-understandable specification of the desired state of network security. Second, we demonstrate the instantiation of a compliance process using a verification framework that analyzes the configuration of complex networks and devices - including stateful firewalls - for compliance with FPL policies. Our evaluation results show the scalability of the presented approach for the well known Internet2 and Stanford benchmarks as well as for large firewall rule sets where it outscales state-of-the-art tools by a factor of over 41.

Theories, Models, and Representation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Healey
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Fundamental Science ◽  
Good Advice ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Use Of Models ◽  
The Way

Quantum theory involves a novel, indirect use of models to further the aims of fundamental science. It is revolutionary because of the way it improves our use and understanding of representations of the universe we could offer without it. The so-called semantic approach takes a scientific theory to supply a collection of models to be used to represent phenomena: but models of quantum theory are applied more indirectly to provide good advice on the significance and credibility of claims about physical things whose existence is assumable here. Inferentialism takes these claims to derive their content through inferential links to others. They are objective, as are the probabilities they are assigned, and some are objectively true.

Epistemology, Philosophy of Science, and Virtue

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Emanuele Ratti
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Virtue Theory ◽  
Epistemology Of Science ◽  
Good Scientific Theory ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter offers an overview of how virtue-based concepts have been used by philosophers of science to shed light on epistemic aspects of science. In the epistemology of science, the word virtue has referred to two different concepts. First, virtue can be understood as excellence, where excellence is a quality of a model, a theory, or a hypothesis. Second, virtue can be understood more narrowly as a stable character trait and/or disposition of scientists themselves. The first meaning is connected to the long-standing debate on the qualities that make a scientific theory a good scientific theory. The second meaning is connected to a much more recent conversation exploring the connections between virtue epistemology and philosophy of science. I explore how these two meanings of virtue have been developed, and I highlight underexplored areas that can advance our understanding of the relation between virtue theory and philosophy of science.

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