Thermal Analysis of Solar Tunnel Dryer and Evaluation for Commercial Mango Leather Drying

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
A. G. Mohod ◽  
Y. P Khandetod
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Tunnel Dryer ◽  
Mango Pulp ◽  
Average Rise

A walk-in type semi-cylindrical-shaped solar tunnel dryer (10 m x 3.75 m) was designed, developed, and evaluated at Dr. B.S. Konakan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli for thermal analysis. The dryer was evaluated by conducting the no-load test at the laboratory to study the thermal profile, energy input/output during the winter and summer seasons. Based on the laboratory experience, a commercial-scale solar tunnel dryer was installed and evaluated at M/s Shirodkar Food Products Pvt. Ltd., kudal, District Sindhudurg (MS) for commercial mango leather drying. The dryer was loaded with 250 kg mango pulp per batch by spreading over 210 number of grease-proof aluminum trays (1.2 kg pulp in each tray) in three layers (70 trays in each layer). Drying of mango leather was studied in comparison with open sun drying and electrical oven drying for time saving and energy consumption. The study revealed that the average rise in temperature of drying air was about 18 -22 0C over the ambient air. The average drying period reduced by 28 % over open sun drying method. The average temperature inside the solar dryer was 62+5 0C, and required 10 h for upper layer of trays, 13 h for second layer of trays, and 17 h for the third level of trays as compared to 26 h in open sun drying. The operating energy cost of solar tunnel dryer was zero as compared to 102 kWh in an electrical oven. Considering drying of 30 batches per season, the payback period of the system was 2.7 years

scholarly journals Design and Testing of a Natural Convection Solar Tunnel Dryer for Mango

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Isaac Nyambe Simate ◽  
Sam Cherotich
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Tunnel Dryer ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
The University

A natural convection solar tunnel dryer comprising three major units, a solar collector unit, a drying unit, and a vertical bare flat-plate chimney, was constructed. No-load tests with a horizontal configuration of air entry into the collector resulted in a bidirectional air flow in the dryer. To correct this undesirable situation, an air guide at the collector was incorporated to ensure that air entered in a vertical direction. To investigate its performance, drying experiments with mango were carried out at the University of Zambia, Department of Agricultural Engineering. Uncertainties in the parameters measured in the experiment were analysed and quantified. The results showed that, under solar radiation between 568.4 and 999.5 W/m2, air temperature of up to 65.8°C was attained at the collector unit. The average relative humidity values were 30.8%, 6.4%, and 8.4% for the ambient, collector, and drying unit, respectively. Under these conditions, mango with an initial moisture content of 85.5% (wet basis) was dried to 13.0% (wet basis) in 9.5 hours. The collector, drying, and pick-up efficiencies were found to be 24.7%, 12.8%, and 35.0%, respectively. The average temperature difference between the chimney air and ambient air was 12.1°C, and this was sufficient in driving the flow of air through the dryer.

Analysis of Fish Fillet Drying Rates under Three Solar Energy Drying Systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 518-524
Author(s):  
Gikuru Mwithiga ◽  
Samuel Gathuki Mwangi
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Fish Fillet ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Green House ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Solar Dryer ◽  
Drying Chamber

A small Box type solar dryer with controllable air inlet was designed and tested. The dryer had a mild steel absorber plate and a polyvinyl chloride (pvc) transparent cover and could be adjusted to allow variation in airflow rate through the drying chamber. A convectional green house covered with transparent pvc and into which a drying tray stand at a height of 90 cm above the ground was placed made up the second drying method. The rate of air flow through the green house could be controlled by adjusting the opening at either end of the tunnel. The third method of drying which also served as the control is sun drying in which case the drying trays was placed 90 cm above the ground but left unenclosed to allow free flow of ambient air. The air temperature at points just above the drying rack was monitored for all three drying systems under no load conditions from morning to late afternoon. The temperature was also monitored during drying when the trays were loaded with fish of different fillet thicknesses. The rate of loss of moisture was also monitored by weighing the fillets at regular interval until the moisture dropped to 20%, dry basis or lower. The average temperature inside the plenum chamber of the box type solar dryer was found to have a high daily value of 71.1OC although an absolute maximum value of 74.4OC was recorded. This maximum value could be reached on cloudless days between the hours of 13:00 and 1400. The green house recorded a slightly lower average temperature and its peak value occurred latter in the day. Both the green house and the box-type solar dryer had average drying chamber temperatures that were more than 30 centigrade degrees above ambient conditions. Both the box-type and green house type solar dryer could dry thin slices of fish fillet in 1-3 days as opposed to the 7-9 days normally required under sun drying conditions. The quality of the dry fillet was satisfactory and CIE LAB colour values did not change significantly during drying.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Pengeringan Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum Rhizome) dengan Menggunakan Metode Penjemuran dan Menggunakan Alat Pengering Tipe Hohenheim

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-448
Author(s):  
Bunga Mentari ◽  
Diswandi Nurba ◽  
Rita Khathir
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Characteristics ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Red Ginger ◽  
Better Than

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik pengeringan jahe merah dengan metode penjemuran langsung dan menggunakan alat pengering tipe Hohenheim. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) non faktorial dengan 2 taraf, yaitu penjemuran langsung (B1) dan menggunakan alat pengering tipe Hohenheim (B2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata suhu pengeringan pada alat pengering tipe Hohenheim lebih tinggi dibandingkan rata-rata suhu pengeringan secara penjemuran, sedangkan kelembaban relatif dalam alat pengering tipe Hohenheim lebih rendah dibandingkan kelembaban relatif pada sistem penjemuran. Susut bobot dan laju pengeringan pada pengeringan menggunakan alat pengering tipe Hohenheim lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode penjemuran. Kadar air pada pengeringan menggunakan alat pengering (19,84%) secara nyata lebih rendah dibandingkan pada metode penjemuran (37,02%). Metode pengeringan tidak berpengaruh terhadap kontaminasi benda asing, namun pengeringan menggunakan alat pengering tipe Hohenheim menghasilkan warna jahe merah yang lebih cerah dibandingkan dengan metode penjemuran. Oleh karena itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengeringan menggunakan alat pengering tipe Hohenheim lebih baik dibandingkan metode penjemuran.DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF RED GINGER UNDER SUN DRYING AND BY USING HOHENHEIM TYPE DRYERAbstract. This study aimed to assess the drying characteristics of red ginger under sun drying method and by using Hohenheim type dryer. This study used a non factorial randomized block design with drying method at 2 levels, namely the sun drying method (B1) and Hohenheim type dryer (B2).The results showed that the average temperature drying in Hohenheim type dryer is higher than the average temperature of sun drying method, while the relative humidity in the dryer is lower than the relative humidity of sun drying method. The weight loss and the drying rate of red ginger dried by using Hohenheim type dryer is higher than that of sun drying method. The moisture content of red ginger dried by using Hohenheim type drier (19.84%) was significantly lower than that of sun drying method (37.02%). Drying method did not affect the rate of contamination on both methods. However, red ginger dried by using Hohenheim type drier has brighter colour than that of sun drying method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the drying process by using Hohenheim type drier was better than that of sun drying method.

Facile preparation of smooth perovskite films for efficient meso/planar hybrid structured perovskite solar cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (49) ◽  
pp. 10038-10041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Hua Yu ◽  
Jung-Ho Yun ◽  
Miaoqiang Lyu ◽  
Qiong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Facile Preparation ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Organolead Halide

Smooth organolead halide perovskite films were prepared by a facile blow-drying method in ambient air for achieving efficient and low cost meso/planar hybrid structured perovskite solar cells.

scholarly journals review artikel study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
mulono apriyanto bin sugeng rijanto
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Fermentation Method ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Traditional Process

Most cocoa beans in Indonesia are traditionally produced by farmers using non fermented and sun drying method. Thequality of cocoa beans produced by farmer in yogyakarta may be improved by the fermentation method. However, it needsoptimization for best fermentation process. The aims of the study was to improve quality of cocoa bans by fermentation ofsun dried cocoa beans. The characteric fermented cocoa beans was determined by maesuring changes pH, acidity andfermentation indexs of cocoa beans during fermentation. This study used preconditioned cocoa beans to resamble obtainfrom the farmer. Preconditioning was done in order to get 15% mouisture content of pulp at same level as moisture contentof pulp from traditional process. Before fermentation, therefor sun dried cocoa beans was rehydrated to obtain a moisturecontent of pulp similiar to fresh beans pulp, and then fermentation was conducted for 120 hours. Changes in acidity andfermentation indexs of cocoa beans during fermentation were measured. The fermentation process used 3 level treatmenti.e. control (without inoculum), mixed culture of microbies added at the begining fermentation. The result show all cocoabeans acidity increase during fermentation from 4,48% to 6,45% for control, 4,64% to 6,39% for addition of inoculum atbegining of fermentation and from 4,45% to 6,59% for addition of inoculum at the begining and midle of fermentation andfermentation indexs of cocoa beans increase for all level of inoculum addition i.e. 0,31 to 0,88 for control, 0,32 to 0,99 foraddition of inoculum at the beginning fermentation and 0,33 to 1,03 for addition of inoculum at the beginning and midle offermentation. The study indicated that addition of mix culture microbies in fermetation improved the quality of cocoabeans that characterized by pH, acidity and fermentation indexs of cocoa beans.

Effect of drying methods on the nutritional content and In- vitro Antioxidant capacity of Chenopodium album L. and Spinacia oleracea L.

2021 ◽  
pp. 4361-4366
Author(s):  
Sonia Singh ◽  
Neetu Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Hot Air

The herbs, Chenopodium album Linn. and Spinacia oleracea Linn. belongs to Chenopodiaceae family, are the two nutritious and edible green leafy food crops, abundantly found especially in the northern-west region of India. These plants have gained renown popularity, because of their high nutritional content including protein, amino acids, carbohydrate, and even the presence of phenolic components, which ultimately may get affected with drying and storage techniques. Impact of different drying methods (microwave drying at 4 minutes, hot air oven drying at 5 hours and sun drying at 8-10 hours) on nutrient quality and antioxidant property of Chenopodium album Linn. and Spinacia oleracea Linn. leaves were evaluated by using UV spectrophotometritc assay, total phenolic content and DPPH free radical scavenger method. Drying treatments were significantly decreased the moisture, carbohydrate and protein content present in C.album and S. oleracea. Hot air oven drying method produced dried samples of C.album and S. oleracea had significantly similar antioxidant activity when compared with the samples obtained from sun drying method. The dried samples obtained from hot air oven drying technique showed significant presence of total phenolic content in C. album and S. oleracea (6.44±0.12 mg/g, 6.69±0.40 mg/g) whilst the traditional sun drying method produced 8.00±0.02 mg/g and 7.89±0.37 mg/g). It is concluded that microwave drying and hot air oven drying were the methods to preserve appreciable percentage of nutrient components compared to the fresh samples. On other hand, the traditional method produced substantial reduction of nutrient quality. From statistical analysis, hot air oven drying technique was considered as optimum method which showed satisfactory % retention of protein (65.86%) and carbohydrate (85.95%) at 5 hours (shorter time than sun drying time period) along with significant antioxidant activity (34.89 μg/mL and 35.60 μg/mL) similar as obtained from the traditional technique (32.00 μg/mL).

scholarly journals Infrared Drying as a Quick Preparation Method for Dried Tangerine Peel

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyue Xu ◽  
Guifang Tian ◽  
Chengying Zhao ◽  
Aftab Ahmad ◽  
Huijuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Infrared Drying ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Short Wave Infrared ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

To establish the most convenient and effective method to dry tangerine peels, different methods (sun drying, hot-air drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, and medium- and short-wave infrared drying) were exploited. Our results indicated that medium- and short-wave infrared drying was the best method to preserve nutraceutical components; for example, vitamin C was raised to 6.77 mg/g (D.W.) from 3.39 mg/g (sun drying). Moreover, the drying time can be shortened above 96% compared with sun drying. Importantly, the efficiency of DPPH radical scavenging was enhanced from 26.66% to 55.92%. These findings would provide a reliable and time-saving methodology to produce high-quality dried tangerine peels.

scholarly journals Effect of different drying methods on the composition of steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
Irma Aranda-González ◽  
David Betancur-Ancona ◽  
Luis Chel-Guerrero ◽  
Yolanda Moguel-Ordóñez
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Steviol Glycosides ◽  
Rebaudioside A ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽  
Rebaudioside D

Abstract Drying techniques can modify the composition of certain plant compounds. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of different drying methods on steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Four different drying methods were applied to Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves, which were then subjected to aqueous extraction. Radiation or convection drying was performed in stoves at 60°C, whereas shade or sun drying methods were applied at 29.7°C and 70% of relative humidity. Stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, dulcoside A, and steviolbioside were quantified by a validated HPLC method. Among steviol glycosides, the content (g 100 g−1 dry basis) of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside C varied according to the drying method. The total glycoside content was higher in sun-dried samples, with no significant differences compared to shade or convection drying, whereas radiation drying adversely affected the content of rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C (p <0.01) and was therefore a method lowering total glycoside content. The effect of the different drying methods was also reflected in the proportion of the sweetener profile. Convection drying could be suitable for modern food processing industries while shadow or sun drying may be a low-cost alternative for farmers.

scholarly journals MICROENCAPSULATION OF PULP OF MANGIFERA INDICA L. BY SPRAY DRYING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Nerlis Paola Pajaro Castro ◽  
Clemente Granados Conde ◽  
Miladys Esther Torrenegra AlarcÓn ◽  
MarÍa Del Rosario Osorio Fortich ◽  
Enilson JÓse Pajaro Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Techniques ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Mango Pulp

Introduction: For the food industry and trade, it is very important to obtain powders based on fruits or vegetables by means of drying techniques that allow them to preserve their nutritional, organoleptic properties and also extend the life time by offering new commercialization possibilities. Studies have made it possible to optimize drying techniques by obtaining water-free products in more than 80% with a high commercial value. To microencapsulate the mango pulp (Mangifera indica L) flounder variety by the Spray Drying method and to evaluate its potential antioxidant activity.Methodology: The fruits were collected in the municipality of Turbana - Bolívar (10º 16 '22 "N 75º 26' 38" W), Colombia. The pulps obtained from the healthy fruits were microencapsulated by the spray drying method. The obtained microcapsules were measured the particle size and the mineral content was determined. The antioxidant activity was determined by three methodologies: total phenols, DPPH • and ABTS • +.Results: The results obtained demonstrate that the microcapsules of the mango pulp (M. indica L) have a mineral content in the following order of importance Calcium> Phosphorus> Iron. The IC50 values for the DPPH • and ABTS • assay were found to be 110.54 ± 1.5 μg / mL and 65.33 ± 1.0 μg / mL respectively. The total phenol content was 73.11 ± 1.54 mg AG / 100 mg of microcapsules, which may be related to the antioxidant activity.Conclusion: The spray drying method was a suitable technique to microcapsulate the mango pulp (M.indica L), which were shown to possess antioxidant activity.

Effect of Blanching Duration and Drying Methods on the Proximate Composition of Green Chilies (Capsicum annuum L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Tulsi Gurung ◽  
Karma Wangchuk ◽  
Bishal Sitaula
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Lower Temperature

Farmers in Bhutan practice hot water blanching and sun drying of green chillies as one of the preservation measures. The blanched dried chilli is known as ema shukam locally and is used in preparing various traditional cuisines. Blanching is done for 2-3 minutes by immersing in boiling water and drying in open sun. However, blanching and drying process lead to quality changes such as texture, colour, flavour, and nutritional value. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the proximate compositions of sun dried and oven dried green-blanched chillies. An experiment with two drying methods and two levels of blanching durations with three replications for each treatment were conducted to examine the proximate compositions of the dried and blanched chillies. Blanching duration of two minutes retained higher carbohydrates (x͂ = 31.78) than three minutes (x͂ = 26.08). However, the Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant effect of blanching duration on carbohydrate (U = 7.5, z = - .690, p > .05). Drying methods had significant effect only on fat content with oven drying retaining higher fat content (x͂ = 4) compared to sun drying method (x͂ = 2); (U = 2, z = -2.713, p < .01). Blanching for three minutes resulted in higher loss of Vitamin C content. The colour of oven dried chilli was dark brownish green even at lower temperature of 37 oC. Hot water blanching of green chillies for two minutes followed by sun drying produced desired colour of dried chillies.

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