Is edible insect as a novel food digestible?

This work deals with the digestibility of a selected species of edible insect - mealworm (larvae) as novel food in dependency on its culinary treatment. The aim of this work was to find suitable thermic culinary treatment of mealworm larvae considering its optimum digestibility by human. The digestibility of materials from whole insect and extracted nitrogenous substances was determined using three different culinary treatments - without culinary treatment (freshly killed), dried insect and roasted insect. The digestibility was determined by gravimetric in vitro method using pepsin and pancreatin enzymes and their combination. The total nitrogen content of the insect samples was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The digestibility of the whole homogenized larvae using the combination of pepsin and pancreatin enzymes, thus simulating human digestion in-vitro, ranged from 81% for roasted specimens to 91.5% for culinary unprocessed insect. Similarly, the digestibility of nitrogenous substances of homogenized insect samples using this combination of enzymes ranged from 24.2% for roasted specimens to 80.2% for culinary unprocessed samples. The work showed the dependence of the digestibility of the mealworm larvae on the culinary treatment - the increasing heat load of the sample reduced the digestibility. Furthermore, it proved the effect of the digestive enzyme on the digestibility of the insect sample.

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A in Vivo Assay for Standardizing Heparin Preparations

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646810 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 41 (03) ◽

pp. 576-582

Author(s):

A R Pomeroy

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Assays ◽

British Pharmacopoeia ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Standard Preparation ◽

Reliable Estimation ◽

Assay Procedure ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Heparin Preparation

SummaryThe limitations of currently used in vitro assays of heparin have demonstrated the need for an in vivo method suitable for routine use.The in vivo method which is described in this paper uses, for each heparin preparation, four groups of five mice which are injected intravenously with heparin according to a “2 and 2 dose assay” procedure. The method is relatively rapid, requiring 3 to 4 hours to test five heparin preparations against a standard preparation of heparin. Levels of accuracy and precision acceptable for the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia are obtained by combining the results of 3 to 4 assays of a heparin preparation.The similarity of results obtained the in vivo method and the in vitro method of the British Pharmacopoeia for heparin preparations of lung and mucosal origin validates this in vivo method and, conversely, demonstrates that the in vitro method of the British Pharmacopoeia gives a reliable estimation of the in vivo activity of heparin.

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Phytochemical analysis and salivary amylase inhibition activities of Carica papaya leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarp extracts and partially purified fractions

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research ◽

10.24896/eijppr.2016616 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Michael Russelle Alvarez ◽

Paolo Robert Bueno ◽

Raymond Oliver Cruz ◽

Richard Macapulay ◽

Francis Jayson Vallesfin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Extract ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Uv Light ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Salivary Amylase ◽

Garcinia Mangostana ◽

Leaf Extracts

Plant-derived digestive enzyme inhibitors particularly those targeted to carbohydrate metabolism has been the focus of recent studies as natural supplements for weight control and diabetes. The present study explores the salivary amylase inhibition activity of Garcinia mangostana (Linn.) pericarp extracts and Carica papaya (Linn.) leaf extracts and fractions, as well as perform phytochemical screening and quantification, and thin layer – and high performance liquid chromatographic profiling. Results show that crude extracts and purified fractions were able to inhibit salivary amylase, with C. papaya fraction 1 being the most active at 30.89% inhibition. Phytochemical screening of all extracts tested positive for tannins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Quantification of phenolics showed that extracts contained high levels of phenolics, with C. papaya crude extract having the highest content with 219.0±12.7 mg GAE/g extract followed by G. mangostana crude extract with 247.1±18.0 mg GAE/g extract. Quantification of total flavonoids also showed C. papaya crude extract to contain the highest content with 55.12±0.679 mg QE/g extract. All extracts contained negligible alkaloid content, though. HPLC and TLC profiling showed several peaks and bands, when viewed in 210 nm and UV light, respectively. These results demonstrate in vitro the salivary amylase inhibitory activity of both plants and their potential as antidiabetic drug candidates; however, further studies need to be done, like isolation and structure elucidation of active components and toxicity assays. Keywords: Amylase inhibition, phytochemical quantification, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana

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Starches and derived products. Determination of nitrogen content by the Kjeldahl method. Titrimetric method

10.3403/00345588u ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Titrimetric Method ◽

Kjeldahl Method

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Ophthalmic optics. Contact lenses. Ageing by exposure to UV and visible radiation (in vitro method)

10.3403/01319030 ◽

1998 ◽

Keyword(s):

Contact Lenses ◽

Visible Radiation ◽

In Vitro Method

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Cereals and pulses. Determination of the nitrogen content and calculation of the crude protein content. Kjeldahl method

10.3403/30131418 ◽

2006 ◽

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Kjeldahl Method

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In vitro method for teaching percutaneous vascular catheterization.

American Journal of Roentgenology ◽

10.2214/ajr.157.5.1927800 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 157 (5) ◽

pp. 1125-1125

Author(s):

D J Eschelman ◽

A J Greenfield ◽

D T Gibbens

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Method ◽

Vascular Catheterization

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The cost of obtaining improved planting material of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using the in vitro method

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/650/1/012050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 650 (1) ◽

pp. 012050

Author(s):

M A Azopkova ◽

I V Muravyeva ◽

A V Polyakov ◽

O A Razin

Keyword(s):

Allium Sativum ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Planting Material ◽

The Cost

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Inhibitory Effect of Antidesma bunius Fruit Extract on Carbohydrate Digestive Enzymes Activity and Protein Glycation In Vitro

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10010032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Pattamaporn Aksornchu ◽

Netima Chamnansilpa ◽

Sirichai Adisakwattana ◽

Thavaree Thilavech ◽

Charoonsri Choosak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Protein Glycation ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Ic50 Values

Antidesma bunius (L.) spreng (Mamao) is widely distributed in Northeastern Thailand. Antidesma bunius has been reported to contain anthocyanins, which possess antioxidant and antihypertensive actions. However, the antidiabetic and antiglycation activity of Antidesma bunius fruit extract has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of anthocyanin-enriched fraction of Antidesma bunius fruit extract (ABE) against pancreatic α-amylase, intestinal α-glucosidase (maltase and sucrase), protein glycation, as well as antioxidant activity. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) chromatogram revealed that ABE contained phytochemical compounds such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, ellagic acid, and myricetin-3-galactoside. ABE inhibited intestinal maltase and sucrase activity with the IC50 values of 0.76 ± 0.02 mg/mL and 1.33 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ABE (0.25 mg/mL) reduced the formation of fluorescent AGEs and the level of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (Nε-CML) in fructose and glucose-induced protein glycation during four weeks of incubation. During the glycation process, the protein carbonyl and β-amyloid cross structure were decreased by ABE (0.25 mg/mL). In addition, ABE exhibited antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) with the IC50 values 15.84 ± 0.06 µg/mL and 166.1 ± 2.40 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed an EC50 value of 182.22 ± 0.64 µg/mL. The findings suggest that ABE may be a promising agent for inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity, reducing monosaccharide-induced protein glycation, and antioxidant activity.

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