scholarly journals The cost of obtaining improved planting material of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using the in vitro method

2021 ◽  
Vol 650 (1) ◽  
pp. 012050
Author(s):  
M A Azopkova ◽  
I V Muravyeva ◽  
A V Polyakov ◽  
O A Razin
2020 ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
И.В. Муравьева ◽  
М.А. Азопкова ◽  
А.В. Поляков

Чеснок (Allium sativum L.) – исключительно вегетативно размножаемое растение, которое подвержено заражению многочисленными грибными, бактериальными и другими фитопатогенами. При размножении инфицированных растений фитопатогены передаются потомству, что приводит к снижению урожайности, потере качества, лежкоспособности и часто к вырождению сортов. Сложность своевременного выявления наличия внутренней инфекции в посадочном материале чеснока послужила причиной исследования приемов биотехнологии для решения данной проблемы. Целью исследования было определение уровня и состава контаминации на эксплантах чеснока при введении в культуру in vitro. Исследования проведены на зубках чеснока ярового и озимого, выращенных в полевых условиях опытного участка ВНИИО - филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО и хранившихся при температуре около 10 °С в течение 7-8 месяцев. Для введения в культуру in vitro отбирали внешне здоровые, не поврежденные зубки, донце которых служило эксплантом. Зубки чеснока промывали в проточной воде, выдерживали в 0,1% -ном растворе перманганата калия 20 минут, затем в условиях ламинарного бокса обрабатывали 70%-ным этанолом и стерилизовали в растворе гипохлорита натрия 1,5% в течение 20 минут. После стерилизации экспланты были помещены на питательную среду MS. Культивирование зубков чеснока ярового и озимого на питательной среде в культуре in vitro позволило выявить присутствие внутренней инфекции, характерной для чеснока, относящейся к родам Fusarium, Penicillum, Pseudomonas. Установлена инфицированность посадочного материала чеснока грибами рода Аspergillus, ранее не зафиксированной в условиях Московской области. Доля пораженных эксплантов чеснока озимого этим патогеном составила 9,3%, ярового - 8,2%. Наибольшую распространенность получили грибы рода Fusarium, доля которых составила в среднем на чесноке озимом 65,6%, на чесноке яровом – 27,6 %. Проведенные исследования показали, что посадочный материал чеснока озимого и ярового заражен характерными для культуры болезнями и нуждается в комплексном оздоровлении. Garlic is exclusively vegetatively propagated crop which is damaged by numerous funguses, bacterial and other phytopathogens. Under propagation of infected plants phytopathogens are transferred to progenies that leads to decrease productivity, to loss of quality, storability and frequently to degeneration of cultivars. The complexity of timely identification of presence of internal infection in landing material of garlic caused investigation of methods of biotechnology for the solution of this problem. The investigations were carried out on cloves of summer and winter garlic grown up in field conditions of the experimental plot belonging to All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – a branch of FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Centre and stored in laboratory room at the temperature about 10 °C within 7-8 months. For introduction to in vitro culture there were selected outwardly healthy, not defective cloves the bottom parts of which were used as exsplants. After sterilization explants were placed on a medium. Cultivation of explants of summer and winter garlic on a medium in vitro culture allowed to reveal presence of the internal infection, the characteristic of garlic which is falling into to the sorts Fusarium, Penicillum, Pseudomonas. Contamination of landing material of garlic by fungi of the sort Aspergillus, earlier not recorded in the conditions of the Moscow region was established in the experiment. The share of damaged explants of winter garlic by pathogens made 9.3%, summer garlic – 8.2%. The greatest abundance was received by genus Fusariumfungi share of which on winter garlic consisted of 65.6%, on summer garlic – 27.6%. The carried out investigations showed that landing material of winter and summer garlic is infected with the diseases, characteristic of culture, and needs complex improvement.


2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Starovoitov Viktor I ◽  
Starovoitova Oksana A ◽  
Aldoshin Nikolay ◽  
Manokhina Aleksandra А

erusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosum L.) is a promising bioenergy multi-purpose crop. The Jerusalem artichoke is a valuable culture that is a source of inulin, fructose and pectin. Green mass of the Jerusalem artichoke has a high content of complex carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, sucrose, etc.) in the dry weight of the plant contain up to 17% protein with a balanced amino acid composition. Biotechnological methods are firmly established in plant growing practice and are widely used for rapid multiplication and obtaining healthy planting material of many economically important crops. The technology of micro clonal propagation “in vitro” has great importance for the development of seed production of Jerusalem artichoke and obtain sufficient quantity of high quality planting material. Formed innovative scheme of sequential technological process of seed production of Jerusalem artichoke includes the production of original seed material “in vitro” Jerusalem artichoke, mass reproduction by aero hydroponic installations, and the rationale based on research of the technology of growing high-quality seed of Jerusalem artichoke. It was found that at cultivation of minitubers of micro plants in aero hydroponic installation compared to farming by traditional technology, the cost of one minituber decreased by 9.58 RUB.


1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (03) ◽  
pp. 576-582
Author(s):  
A R Pomeroy

SummaryThe limitations of currently used in vitro assays of heparin have demonstrated the need for an in vivo method suitable for routine use.The in vivo method which is described in this paper uses, for each heparin preparation, four groups of five mice which are injected intravenously with heparin according to a “2 and 2 dose assay” procedure. The method is relatively rapid, requiring 3 to 4 hours to test five heparin preparations against a standard preparation of heparin. Levels of accuracy and precision acceptable for the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia are obtained by combining the results of 3 to 4 assays of a heparin preparation.The similarity of results obtained the in vivo method and the in vitro method of the British Pharmacopoeia for heparin preparations of lung and mucosal origin validates this in vivo method and, conversely, demonstrates that the in vitro method of the British Pharmacopoeia gives a reliable estimation of the in vivo activity of heparin.


Author(s):  
L.D. Popova ◽  
◽  
I.N. Yudina

The results of the influence of the mass of planting tubers of Jerusalem artichoke on the size and fractional composition of the crop of tubers in the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soils during autumn planting of tubers are presented. It was found that planting tubers weighing 80-100 g g provide a yield of 45 t/ha. With an increase in the mass of planting tubers, the cost of purchasing planting material increases sharply and profitability decreases. Planting small tubers leads to a decrease in yield.


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽  
Fauzia Andrini ◽  
Yulis Hamidy

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.


Author(s):  
I. F. Gorlov ◽  
A. A. Mosolov ◽  
G. V. Komlatskiy ◽  
M. A. Nesterenko ◽  
K. D. Nimbona ◽  
...  

The article presents materials on the study of the possibility of reproduction and increase in the herd of highly productive cows through the use of embryo transplantation technology. The classical (in vivo) and more modern, developing (in vitro) methods of embryotransfer, their positive and negative sides are considered in detail. The possibility of accelerating the breeding process by using the method of transplantation, in which from one cow can be obtained from 10 to 100 calves, which will allow for 4-5 years, almost any herd (of any size and breed) with the help of biotechnology to turn into a cattle-breeding enterprise of the most modern level. At the same time, heifers obtained from unproductive cows can be used as "surrogate" mothers who are transplanted with the best donor embryos, which allows to obtain a full-fledged offspring adapted to local environmental conditions. A detailed scheme of obtaining, evaluation, storage, as well as the cost and economic effect of embryo transplantation was calculated, the market was evaluated, the required annual volume of transplants and the number of donor cows for large livestock farms were determined. As a positive example of "Scientific-production enterprise "Centre of biotechnology and embryo transfer" in 2014, implemented a project for accelerated replacement and genetic improvement of the dairy herd, engraftment averaged 57-69%, and the economic effect of the enterprise from getting a single animal by the method of embryo transfer, compared with imports of similar close in quality, ranged from 60 to 100 thousand rubles on his head. It is shown that it is necessary to organize at the state level a developed service for embryo transplantation to reduce the cost of embryo transfer and the possibility of creating in a short time in the country's own highly productive breeding nucleus of dairy and beef cattle, which will reduce, and in the future completely eliminate, import dependence on cattle products.


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