scholarly journals Juan de Mariana y la política monetaria estadounidense moderna: Salamanca, Cervantes, Jefferson y la Escuela Austriaca

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-103
Author(s):  
Eric Clifford Graf
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Thomas Jefferson ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Don Quijote ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
School Of Salamanca

Juan de Mariana may have had more direct lines of influence on the contemporary political denunciation of central banking in the United States than previously thought. As the culmination of a series of monetary theorists of the School of Salamanca, Mariana’s genius was his ability to synthesize and articulate a critique of the inflationary monetary policies of the Spanish Habsburgs. Furthermore, the Jesuit scholar linked his economic analysis to his equally scandalous endorsement of regicide. For their part, both the monetary policy concerns and the rebellious animus of the modern libertarian wing of American politics echo Thomas Jefferson’s views during the early Republic. These views also likely owe something to Juan de Mariana’s uniquely menacing confrontations with the Habsburgs. And thanks to the Virginian’s lifelong appreciation of Cervantes’s great novel Don Quijote, which was itself heavily influenced by Mariana, the fascinating connections between Jefferson’s and Mariana’s politicized understandings of money are even further intertwined. Key words: Monetary Policy, Mariana, Jefferson, Cervantes, Austrian School, School of Salamanca, Libertarianism, Liberty, Slavery, Regicide, Billon Coins. JEL Classification: B1, B2, B3, N1 y N4. Resumen: Juan de Mariana pudo haber tenido una influencia más directa sobre la elaboración de las críticas contemporáneas a la banca central en EE.UU. de lo que se ha pensado hasta ahora. Esta influencia puede encon-trarse en el punto culminante de la teoría monetaria de la Escuela de Sala-manca, cuando Mariana sintetizó y articuló una ingeniosa crítica de las políticas inflacionarias de los Habsburgo. En esa crítica, el erudito jesuita vinculó su análisis económico con la no menos escandalosa defensa del regicidio. Tanto las preocupaciones monetarias como el ánimo rebelde del ala libertaria de la derecha estadounidense se hacen asimismo eco de las opiniones expresadas por Thomas Jefferson durante los primeros años de la República. Y esas opiniones, probablemente, también deban algo a los amenazadores enfrentamientos que tuvo Juan de Mariana con los Habsbur-go. Y finalmente, gracias a la admiración que el político de Virginia sentía por El Quijote de Cervantes, texto que a su vez fue fuertemente influenciado por Mariana, se continúan entretejiendo las fascinantes conexiones entre las preocupaciones sobre las políticas monetarias expresadas por Jefferson y Mariana. Palabras clave: Política Monetaria, Mariana, Jefferson, Cervantes, Escuela Austriaca, Escuela de Salamanca, Libertarismo, Libertad, Esclavitud, Regicidio, Moneda de Vellón. Clasificación JEL: B1, B2, B3, N1 y N4.

scholarly journals Low interest rates and executive risk-taking incentives: Evidence from the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 234094442092771
Author(s):  
Paula Castro ◽  
Maria T Tascon ◽  
Francisco J Castaño ◽  
Borja Amor-Tapia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Stock Return Volatility ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
Institutional Shareholders

This article contributes to the literature by indicating how certain monetary policies impact the compensation incentives of US managers to adopt riskier business policies. Specifically, based on the agency problems between shareholders and managers and between shareholders and creditors, a research framework is developed to identify the influence of low interest rates on managers’ risk-taking incentives proxied by the sensitivity of executive compensation to stock return volatility (Vega). We examine 1,293 firms in the United States between 2000 and 2016, and the results indicate that low interest rates increase the managers’ short-term risk-taking incentives and that those incentives contribute to the risk effectively taken by the firm. Our results are robust to the use of alternative monetary proxies and to the presence of passive versus active institutional shareholders. JEL CLASSIFICATION E41; E43; E51; M12; M52

scholarly journals A Natural Experiment in Monetary Policy Covering Three Episodes of Growth and Decline in the Economy and the Stock Market

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Friedman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
National Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

The third of three episodes in a major natural experiment in monetary policy that started more than 80 years ago is just now coming to an end. The experiment consists in observing the effect on the economy and the stock market of the monetary policies followed during and after three very similar periods of rapid economic growth in response to rapid technological change: the booms of the 1920s in the United States, the 1980s in Japan and the 1990s in the United States. In this experiment, the quantity of money is the counterpart of the experimenter's input. The performance of the economy and the level of the stock market are the counterpart of the experimenter's output. The results of this natural experiment are clear, at least for major ups and downs: what happens to the quantity of money has a determinative effect on what happens to national income and to stock prices. The results strongly support Anna Schwartz's and my 1963 conjecture about the role of monetary policy in the Great Contraction. They also support the view that monetary policy deserves much credit for the mildness of the recession that followed the collapse of the U.S. boom in late 2000.

scholarly journals Respon Return Pasar Modal Indonesia terhadap Kebijakan Moneter Domestik dan Asing

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Aulia Yulianti Wulandari ◽  
Noer Azam Achsani ◽  
Lukytawati Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the impact of external shocks on the stock market return and volatility is crucial for market participants as volatility is synonymous with risk. This paper provides comprehensive evidence on the spillover effects of the change of monetary policies from inside country and foreign origins on Indonesia stock market in the period of the time from November 2, 2012 to May 15, 2017. Used symmetric (IGARCH) and asymmetric (EGARCH and APARCH) GARCH model analysis to evaluate the impact of surprise and anticipated changes of monetary policies from inside country and foreign policies (from another ASEAN countries and leading economies, in this paper are United States, Europe, and United Kingdom). Surprise change of monetary policy is proxied by one day change in 3 months interbank offered rate, while anticipated change of monetary policy is proxied by one day change in target interest rate or policy rate. The result shows that information of the monetary policy news and Indonesia stock return is asymmetric. Indonesia stock market is only affected by foreign monetary policies. Keywords: ASEAN stock market, GARCH, Monetary policy JEL classification: C01, C50, E50

scholarly journals Respon Return Pasar Modal Indonesia terhadap Kebijakan Moneter Domestik dan Asing

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Aulia Yulianti Wulandari ◽  
Noer Azam Achsani ◽  
Lukytawati Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the impact of external shocks on the stock market return and volatility is crucial for market participants as volatility is synonymous with risk. This paper provides comprehensive evidence on the spillover effects of the change of monetary policies from inside country and foreign origins on Indonesia stock market in the period of the time from November 2, 2012 to May 15, 2017. Used symmetric (IGARCH) and asymmetric (EGARCH and APARCH) GARCH model analysis to evaluate the impact of surprise and anticipated changes of monetary policies from inside country and foreign policies (from another ASEAN countries and leading economies, in this paper are United States, Europe, and United Kingdom). Surprise change of monetary policy is proxied by one day change in 3 months interbank offered rate, while anticipated change of monetary policy is proxied by one day change in target interest rate or policy rate. The result shows that information of the monetary policy news and Indonesia stock return is asymmetric. Indonesia stock market is only affected by foreign monetary policies. Keywords: ASEAN stock market, GARCH, Monetary policy JEL classification: C01, C50, E50

scholarly journals OPTIMAL MONETARY AREAS AND MONETARY POLICY. AN ANALYSIS OVER WORLD POWER CENTERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (special) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Tudor Mugurel Aursulesei ◽  
Stefan Catalin Topliceanu
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Power Centers ◽  
Global Influence

The phenomenon of power in international relations has always caused interest. The current international environment is extremely amplified and interconnected, and developments in recent decades have led to the foundation of a multipolar system. At present, the competition between power centers in the world economy is manifested at all levels of power, especially from an economic perspective. There is a clear desire for the Western European states that are members of the European Union and the BRICS to detach from their financial dependence on the US dollar and the United States financial instruments. We propose to analyze whether there are correlations between the monetary policies adopted by these entities and the characteristics of the optimal monetary areas. If monetary policy moves closer to the optimal monetary area specifications, then does that global influence increase?

Monetary Policy Operations of Central Banks in the E7 Economies

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-91
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

Both monetary and fiscal policies have a crucial role in the financial markets of the countries. In this framework, policies can be used for mainly two different purposes, which are contractionary and expansionary policies. Hence, it can be said that monetary policies play a key role especially for the emerging economies. The main reason is that these are the economies that aim to be a developed economy. In order to reach this objective, they aim to make investment to obtain sustainable economic growth. Similar to this aspect, this chapter aims to identify different monetary policy operations of the central banks. Thus, various monetary policy instruments are explained. After this issue, necessary information is given related to the central banking operations of E7 economies. As a result, it is defined that central banks of these countries play an active role especially during the recession period.

The Specie Standard and Central Banking in the United States Before 1860

1961 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Timberlake
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Reserve System

Central banking institutions during the past quarter-century have been almost free of the constraints that inhibited their actions during the nineteenth century. The special conditions under which earlier central banking institutions were formed and operated frequently have been lost to view; and while contemporary observers have come to regard the first two Banks of the United States sympathetically, the functional evolution of these institutions within the framework of specie standards has been largely neglected. The period between the end of the Second Bank and the organization of the Federal Reserve System is subsequently treated as the Dark Ages of monetary policy, better forgotten than deplored.

Financial Conditions Indexes and Monetary Policy in Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Debuque-Gonzales ◽  
Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Monetary Transmission ◽  
Financial History ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Advanced Economies

This paper constructs quarterly financial conditions indexes (FCIs) for eight Asian economies—namely, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—using a common factor methodology based on Hatzius et al. ( 2010 ). A wide array of financial data is included in the indexes based on identified monetary transmission channels in the literature. Bank-related indicators, various measures of financial stress and risk, and credit surveys, where available, are incorporated to fully reflect the state of the financing environment. The FCIs for Asia successfully capture important episodes in each economy's financial history, but only the indexes of financially advanced economies Japan and Singapore have sufficient forecasting power to predict output growth and inflation. High co-movement of Asian FCIs suggests highly similar monetary policies in the region that are strongly linked with monetary policy in the United States.

scholarly journals Monetary policy and the time-dimension of firms’ financing structure

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-197
Author(s):  
Guillaume Vuillemey
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Corporate Finance ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Financing Structure ◽  
Palabras Clave

We offer a sketch of an Austrian theory of corporate finance by studying the structure of firms’ liabilities both on an unhampered market and through a monetary policy-induced business cycle. Building on recent contributions on the time-structure of savings, we show that booms are characterized by increased leverage and higher levels of maturity mismatches for firms. Such fragilities are to be corrected during busts. Key words: Business Cycles, Corporate Finance, Austrian Economics. JEL Classification: B53, E32, G30. Resumen: En este trabajo ofrecemos un esbozo de una teoría austriaca de las finanzas corporativas mediante el estudio de la estructura del pasivo de las empresas, tanto en un contexto de mercado libre puro, como de ciclo económico inducido por la política monetaria. Basándonos en recientes con-tribuciones sobre la estructura temporal de los ahorros, mostramos que los periodos de auge están caracterizados por un aumento del apalancamiento y mayores niveles de descalce de plazos de las empresas. Tales fragilidades deben corregirse durante las recesiones. Palabras clave: Ciclo Económico, Finanzas Corporativas, Economía Austriaca. Clasificación JEL: B53, E32, G30.

scholarly journals Pakistan’s Monetary Policy: Some Fundamental Issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Hayat
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Inflation Expectations ◽  
Academic Qualification ◽  
Institutional Capacity Building

Over the last three decades, the landmark transformation of central banks from secrecy to openness and transparency has significantly enhanced their performance to successfully anchor inflation expectations and achieve price stability. The extent of such a transformation of the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), especially in terms of statutory objectives, monetary policy mandate, conflicts of interest, disclosures, and dissemination of effective public economic information is assessed vis-à-vis the current popular central banking practices. The assessment indicates that the SBP is yet to be transformed to be able to achieve price stability which is a cornerstone for the achievement of sustainable economic growth. On the statutory front, such a transformation requires amending the SBP Act 1956, in line with the statutes for the best monetary policy frameworks by; (1) making price stability as the overriding objective of the SBP; (2) putting in place a clear mechanism for its accountability against price stability, consistent inflation targets, and; (3) elimination of the cushion for government‘s involvement with the monetary policy decision making processes. Some of the other areas like, institutional capacity building of the SBP, in terms of the relevance and level of the academic qualification, research profiles, and experiences of the Board, higher as well as lower tier management need special attention. Such transformations may not only enhance assimilation, creation, sharing, and funnelling of existing as well as new knowledge into monetary policy formulation, but may help change the static mindset at the SBP, hence allowing the institution to flourish. JEL Classification: E5, E52, E58 Keywords: Statutory Objectives, Conflicts of Interest, Disclosures, SBP

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document