scholarly journals An Analysis of the Influence of Electable(s) on Democracy in Pakistan (1988-2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Khan, Dr. Aziz ur Rahman, Dr. Muhammad Kashif
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Personal Interests

This paper explores the impacts and influence of electable(s) on parliamentary democracy in Pakistan during the last three decades (1988-2019). The paper argues that Alavi’s state power structure, dominated by civil-military bureaucracy, has undergone a change in the last few decades. New forces like intermediate class, a segment of superior courts’ judges and some of the politicians known as electable(s) have been able to occupy space in the Pakistani state power structure. This paper argues that electable(s) remain connected with the powerful establishment only for the purpose to obtain their personal interests at the cost of weakening parliamentary democracy in Pakistan. Data is collected through personal communications with a diverse group of people having expertise in their respective fields  

Constitutional Changes in Bangladesh: Process of Political Development

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-404
Author(s):  
Shyamali Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Constitutional Changes ◽  
Constitution Making

The Peoples' Republic of Bangladesh initially adopted a constitution in 1972 that sought to direct the state power to develop ways and means for the society's transition to a socialistic economic order through a secular parliamentary democracy.1 Today, through constitutional changes, Bangladesh is neither a parliamentary democracy, nor does it follow a path to a socialistic economy. Secularism also is no longer a constitutional dictum.2 These clearly indicate changes in the fundamentals of the Constitution (1972), and such changes, wheneuer they occur, require probing in terms of the basis, the process and method of constitution making, constitution-amending and the legitimacy of these processes. The following analysis attempts to explore the Bangladesh case.3

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
State Power ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Patriarchal Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mass Organization ◽  
Communist Revolution ◽  
Part Structure ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Relationship

Starting with a brief history of feminism in China and women in the Communist Revolution to contextualize the emergence of socialist state feminists, the chapter introduces key findings of the book, highlights a politics of concealment and a politics of erasure, explains how “anti-feudalism” served as a coded phrase for socialist feminist agendas developed by the gender-based mass organization–ACWF from its paradoxical position of both being a part of the state power and a subordinated group in the power structure of the male-dominated CCP. The chapter emphasizes the cultural front as an important arena of feminist engagement with a patriarchal culture, and explains the two-part-structure of the book that examines the relationship between the ACWF and the CCP, and the relationship between a socialist feminist revolution of culture and the Cultural Revolution.

scholarly journals A Pricing Strategy of E-Commerce Advertising Cooperation in the Stackelberg Game Model with Different Market Power Structure

Algorithms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhu ◽  
Jie Lin
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Total System ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Advertising Effort ◽  
The Cost

A lot of research work has studied the auction mechanism of uncertain advertising cooperation between the e-commerce platform and advertisers, but little has focused on pricing strategy in stable advertising cooperation under a certain market power structure. To fill this gap, this paper makes a study of the deep interest distribution of two parties in such cooperation. We propose a pricing strategy by building two stackelberg master-slave models when the e-commerce platform and the advertiser are respectively the leader in the cooperation. It is analyzed that the optimization solution of the profits of both parties and the total system are affected by some main decision factors including the income commission proportion, the advertising product price and the cost of advertising effort of both parties’ brand in different dominant models. Then, some numerical studies are used to verify the effectiveness of the models. Finally, we draw a conclusion and make some suggestions to the platforms and the advertisers in the e-commerce advertising cooperation.

Economic analysis of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) versus stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 508-508
Author(s):  
Francis W. Nugent ◽  
Amy Packard ◽  
Klaudia Hunter ◽  
Amir Qamar ◽  
Keith E. Stuart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outpatient Treatment ◽  
Symptom Management ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Class A ◽  
Institutional Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Average Contribution ◽  
Clinical Trial Information

508 Background: For HCC patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT), local treatment as a "bridge" is standard to decrease tumor burden. The most common treatment is TACE, but the best and cheapest bridging modality is unclear. We prospectively compared SBRT to TACE as a bridge for HCC patients undergoing LT. We then compared the cost of the two strategies. Methods: From 9/2014-1/2017, 31 patients within Milan Criteria with C-P Class A/B cirrhosis were randomized to TACE vs. SBRT. TACE patients received 2 treatments one month apart utilizing DEBDOX beads (n = 17) and were hospitalized for symptom management. Patients receiving SBRT (n = 14) received outpatient treatment comprising 5 fractions of radiation using fiducials. Using EPSI, the institutional cost accounting and clinical data base, all patients treated were analysed. Financial and cost data was used to calculate the average contribution margin (total payment minus direct cost) for each type of treatment and then multiplied for each patient by the number of treatments involved. Results: See table. Conclusions: SBRT costs less than TACE to treat HCC. Given reduced reimbursement for hospitalizations post-TACE, additional opportunity costs may be available at given institutions depending on bed availability. Clinical trial information: NCT02182687. [Table: see text]

Trump’s ban on China’s WeChat may carry a heavy price

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Content Availability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
The Impact

Significance President Donald Trump issued two executive orders on August 6 that effectively ban the Chinese-owned apps TikTok and WeChat. The impact of the TikTok ban will be limited, but targeting WeChat strikes at the heart of the China-US digital ecosystem. Impacts TikTok's likely takeover by a US business will generate strong negative feelings in China, possibly triggering boycotts. Tencent's deep involvement with international content producers will decrease, further limiting content availability on the Chinese market. Fears of WeChat’s use an instrument of Chinese state power are well-founded, but the cost of banning may still exceed the benefit.

scholarly journals Profile of drug spend among elderly individuals from different socioeconomic groups

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane de Fátima Colet ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Mayorga Borges ◽  
Tânia Alves Amador
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs

Abstract The increase in the elderly population is associated with increased health care costs. The objective of the present study was to describe the results of research conducted in groups of elderly persons from different socioeconomic classes in Porto Alegre in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and to compare the drugs spending profiles of different groups. A cross-sectional study was performed using a sample of individuals aged 60 years or older who participated in community groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used to analyze the difference in costs of drugs among different socioeconomic classes. A total of 225 seniors were interviewed and females were predominant in all classes. The most common chronic diseases included hypertension, which occurred in 21.0%, 36.0% and 38.0% of elderly persons in social classes A, C and E, respectively. The average number of medications was 5.34 (±2.64) in social class A, 4.07 (±2.73) in social class C and 4.28 (±2.39) in social class E. The share of household income spent on medication for elderly persons in classes A, C and E was 4.0%, 5.7% and 10.0%, respectively. The drugs with the highest monthly cost for each patient in class A, C and E, respectively, were antipsychotic and anti-Parkinson's medication, diabetes medicine, and medication for the treatment of bone disease. It was concluded that there are specific differences in the cost and expenses incurred on spending on medication for the elderly of different socioeconomic classes.

Introduction to Wireless Networks

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
M. A. Matin
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Wireless Technology ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Business Networking ◽  
The Cost

Wireless networks offer mobility and elimination of unsightly cables and utilize radio waves or microwaves to maintain communication. It is rapidly growing in popularity for both home and business networking. Wireless technology keeps on improving and at the same time the cost of wireless products are continuously decreasing. The demand for ubiquitous personal communications is driving the development of wireless networks that can accommodate mobile voice and data users who move throughout buildings, cities, or countries. The objective of this chapter is to provide the fundamentals of wireless networks so that the general readers can be able to easily grasp some of the ideas in this area.

scholarly journals PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN DAN PENJADWALAN PASOKAN BAHAN BAKU IMPORT DENGAN METODE ABC ANALYSIS DI PT UNILEVER INDONESIA, CIKARANG, JAWA BARAT

Jurnal IPTEK ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Happy Fauzi Afianti ◽  
Hery Hamdi Azwir
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Class A ◽  
Work In Process ◽  
Class B ◽  
Distribution Process ◽  
Fixed Order ◽  
Abc Analysis ◽  
The Cost

<p>Inventory control becomes a very important activity in a company because the cost of inventory can reach about 20% to 40% of the total annual value. Inventory is a capital or company asset consist of raw materials, work in process and finished product. Currently, the value of inventory at PT Unilever Indonesia Savory Factory has exceeded the maximum target of the company but some raw materials have shortage or stock-out, meaning that the current inventory condition is inefficient because the company invests too much in inventory but the shortage of inventory for certain raw materials still occurs. This is the reason why it is necessary to improve inventory efficiency. Improvements were made by utilizing ABC inventory analysis method and arranging and scheduling raw material supply as needed, then making priority scale of raw material improvement on ABC inventory analysis based on class A, B and C. The research was continued by rescheduling the tracking delivery and counting time frozen horizon which is the amount of time it takes raw materials during the distribution process or delivery process, so the frozen horizon is smaller than lead time. By performing fixed order interval on class A and fixed order quantity raw materials for class B and C raw materials, the quantity of imported raw materials gradually adjust to the needs and the high value of the company’s inventory can be reduced gradually as well. The end result is the risk of shortage can be reduced as much as 26%, overstock can be reduced by 12% and in total overall value over value inventory can be decreased as much as 23%.</p>

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