scholarly journals A Pricing Strategy of E-Commerce Advertising Cooperation in the Stackelberg Game Model with Different Market Power Structure

Algorithms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhu ◽  
Jie Lin
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Total System ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Advertising Effort ◽  
The Cost

A lot of research work has studied the auction mechanism of uncertain advertising cooperation between the e-commerce platform and advertisers, but little has focused on pricing strategy in stable advertising cooperation under a certain market power structure. To fill this gap, this paper makes a study of the deep interest distribution of two parties in such cooperation. We propose a pricing strategy by building two stackelberg master-slave models when the e-commerce platform and the advertiser are respectively the leader in the cooperation. It is analyzed that the optimization solution of the profits of both parties and the total system are affected by some main decision factors including the income commission proportion, the advertising product price and the cost of advertising effort of both parties’ brand in different dominant models. Then, some numerical studies are used to verify the effectiveness of the models. Finally, we draw a conclusion and make some suggestions to the platforms and the advertisers in the e-commerce advertising cooperation.

scholarly journals A Subsidy That Is Inversely Related to the Product Price

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiko Kiso
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Product Price ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This study considers a new subsidy design to support the purchase or production of target products. Under the proposed design, subsidy payments are inversely related to product prices. Compared to ‘flat’ subsidies, this design reduces producers’ market power and the subsidy benefits passed on to them, improving the cost-effectiveness of government spending (by up to 50% according to simulations based on an actual subsidy programme). Additionally, this subsidy’s cost-effectiveness and incidence can be adjusted flexibly by changing the policy parameters. Finally, the subsidy design can be modified to provide larger payments to higher-quality products, thereby offsetting disincentives for quality improvement.

Evolutionary strategies of consumer federation and manufacturer under recall mechanism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Chuanxu Wang ◽  
Changqun Song ◽  
Lang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Evolutionary Strategies ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Penalty Coefficient ◽  
High Penalty ◽  
The Cost

Based on an unqualified product recalling process in a supply chain, this paper establishes an evolutionary game model between consumer federation and manufacturer, as well as analyzes the effects of manufacturer’s pricing strategy and consumer federation’s supervision on the decision-making and dynamic tendency. Under this structure, the manufacturers’ pricing strategies on recalls mechanism have two scenarios: the high penalty and low penalty from consumer federation. Results shows that, when the consumer federation adopts high penalty measures, there will be an ESS for consumer federation that can both minimize the cost and protect consumers’ rights. Further, the probability of manufacturer adopting “recall” strategy is positively correlated with the change in the product price, and both the probability of consumer federation adopting “regulate” strategy and manufacturer adopting “recall” strategy are positively correlated with the penalty coefficient.

From a Seed to a Need: the Growth of Shape Memory Applications in Europe.

1991 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ir. J. Van Humbeeck
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Place Promotion ◽  
Memory Applications ◽  
The Cost

AbstractA more systematic marketing research approach has finally revealed good ideas anticipating a market need for the use of shape memory alloys. The success of those new ideas, prototypes and applications are analysed in terms of “the value of the function”, defined as the importance of the function divided by the cost of providing the function. A high importance and/or a low cost of the function are thus the basic requirements for the successful introduction of shape memory applications. Attention is also paid to the way how the 4 P's, product, price, place, promotion (the marketing mix) are applied by the European companies. Those different items will be illustrated on the basis of some small-, medium- and largescale applications, used in different markets. “to the point research”, fundamental and applied, on material properties as well as on manufacturing (cost reduction) is being discussed as the key factor to increase the function value.

Agent Pricing Strategy and Energy Using Optimization Based on Stackelberg Game

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libo Fan ◽  
Yongsheng Zhu ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Mingming Zhang ◽  
Pengyang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Pricing Strategy

Autopilot design for an aircraft by using Luenberger observer design

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taimoor ◽  
Li Aijun ◽  
Rooh ul Amin ◽  
Hongshi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Linear Quadratic Regulator ◽  
Observer Design ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Luenberger Observer ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based Luenberger observer for the estimation of unknown states of aircraft. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the LQR-based Luenberger observer is deliberated for autonomous level flight of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which has been attained productively. Various modes like phugoid and roll modes are exploited for controlling the rates of UAV. The Luenberger observer is exploited for estimation of the mysterious states of the system. The rates of roll, yaw and pitch are used as an input to the observer, while the remaining states such as velocities and angles have been anticipated. The main advantage of using Luenberger observer was to reduce the cost of the system which has been achieved lucratively. The Luenberger observer proposes sturdiness at the rate of completion to conquest over the turmoil and insecurities to overcome the privileged recital. The FlightGear simulator is exploited for the endorsement of the recital of the Luenberger observer-based autopilot. The level flight has been subjugated lucratively and has been legitimated by exploiting the FlightGear simulator. The authenticated and the validated results are offered in this paper. Microsoft Visual Studio has been engaged as a medium between the MATLAB and FlightGear Simulator. Findings The suggested observer based on LQR ensures the lucrative approximation of the unknown states of the system as well as the successful level flight of the system. The Luenberger observer is used for approximation of states while LQR is used as controller. Originality/value In this research work, not only the estimation of unknown states of both longitudinal and lateral model is made but also the level flight is achieved by using those estimated states and the autopilot is validated by using the FlightGear, while in most of the research work only the estimation is made of only longitudinal or lateral model.

Revenue Sharing Contract of Green Supply Chain under Manufacturer Risk-Aversion

2014 ◽  
Vol 697 ◽  
pp. 482-487
Author(s):  
Shi Ying Jiang ◽  
Chun Yan Ma
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Green Supply Chain ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Revenue Sharing Contract

Background on two stages green supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, considering the degree of risk aversion and product greenness, consumer preferences and other factors, the centralized decision-making game model and manufacturer-leading Stackelberg game model are established.Then two game models are compared. The interaction of product greenness, wholesale price, product price,and risk aversion utility for manufacturers and retailers are also disscussed. Finally, the revenue sharing contract is applied to coordinate the green supply chain . The results show that:(1) In the centralized decision-making model, there is a critical value of the product green degree; (2)In manufacturer-leading Stackelberg game model, the higher the green degree of the product, the higher the manufacturer's wholesale price,and the wholesale price increases as risk aversion degree of manufacturers improves;(3)The revenue sharing contract can coordinate this type of green supply chain under manufacturers risk-averse.

Design Methodology of a Proton Exchange Membrane Modular Fuel Cell of 100 W Power Output

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munzer S. Y. Ebaid ◽  
Mohamad Y. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Manufacturing Alternatives ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Exchange Membrane

The design of the fuel cell plays a major role in determining their cost. It is not only the cost of materials that increases the cost of the fuel cell, but also the manufacturing techniques and the need for skilled technicians for assembling and testing the fuel cell. The work presented in this paper is part of a research work aims to design and manufacture a proton exchange membrane (PEM) modular fuel cell of 100 W output at low cost using conventional materials and production techniques, then testing the fuel cell to validate its performance. This paper will be dealing only with the design of a modular fuel cell that can be mass produced and used to set up a larger fuel cell stack for stationary applications (6 kW) which is capable of powering a medium sized household. The design for 100 W fuel cell module will include the calculations for the main dimensions of the fuel cell components, mass flow rate of reactants, water production, heat output, heat transfer and the cooling system. This work is intended to facilitate material and process selection prior to manufacturing alternatives prior to capital investment for wide-scale production. The authors believe that the paper would lead to a stimulating discussion.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Influence of Electable(s) on Democracy in Pakistan (1988-2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Khan, Dr. Aziz ur Rahman, Dr. Muhammad Kashif
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Personal Interests

This paper explores the impacts and influence of electable(s) on parliamentary democracy in Pakistan during the last three decades (1988-2019). The paper argues that Alavi’s state power structure, dominated by civil-military bureaucracy, has undergone a change in the last few decades. New forces like intermediate class, a segment of superior courts’ judges and some of the politicians known as electable(s) have been able to occupy space in the Pakistani state power structure. This paper argues that electable(s) remain connected with the powerful establishment only for the purpose to obtain their personal interests at the cost of weakening parliamentary democracy in Pakistan. Data is collected through personal communications with a diverse group of people having expertise in their respective fields  

scholarly journals Notifikasi Aksi Korporasi Sebagai Instrumen Hukum Pencegah Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-67
Author(s):  
Hottua Manalu
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Market Concentration ◽  
Unfair Competition ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Asset Value

This article discusses about corporation action notification on the competition law perspective. Corporation action notification is a notification obligations by the business actor to the Business Competition Supervisory Commision about corporation action in the form of incorporation, fusion, or company share acquition that caused asset value or sales value is ecxceed specific value. This article concluded that notification is an important instrument to prevent monopolistic practices and unfair competition, because a corporation action has an influence towards business competition, that can increase market concentration and this can make a product price more higher and business actor’s market power become bigger so that can threatening small business actor. However, the notification nowadays applied in Indonesia is notification to the commission after the corporation action has been done, or as known as post-notification, actually is not effective to prevent monopolistic practices and unfair competition, because of the notification is delivered after the corporation action has been done, so that in case the Commission assess that the corporation action is causing monopolistic practices and unfair competition then the revocation is complicated. Therefore, this article is encouraging notification to be done before corporation action is started, as known as pra-notification, so monopolistic  practices and unfair competition possibility can be detected earlier and can be prevented. Abstrak Artikel ini membahas notifikasi aksi korporasi dalam perspektif hukum persaingan usaha. Notifikasi aksi korporasi adalah kewajiban pemberitahuan oleh pelaku usaha kepada Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha atas aksi korporasi baik dalam bentuk penggabungan, peleburan, maupun pengambilalihan saham perseroan yang berakibat nilai aset dan atau nilai penjualannya melebihi jumlah tertentu. Artikel ini menyimpulkan, notifikasi merupakan instrumen penting dalam mencegah praktik monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat, dikarenakan aksi korporasi berpengaruh terhadap persaingan usaha, yaitu menyebabkan bertambahnya konsentrasi pasar yang dapat menyebabkan harga produk semakin tinggi dan kekuatan pasar pelaku usaha menjadi semakin besar sehingga dapat mengancam pebisnis kecil. Namun demikian, notifikasi yang saat ini berlaku di Indonesia, yaitu pemberitahuan kepada Komisi setelah aksi korporasi selesai dilakukan, atau yang dikenali dengan post-notifikasi, sesungguhnya tidak efektif mencegah praktik monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat, dikarenakan notifikasi disampaikan setelah aksi korporasi selesai dilakukan, sehingga dalam hal Komisi menilai aksi korporasi menyebabkan praktik monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat maka pembatalan jelas mengalami kerumitan. Oleh karenanya, artikel ini mendorong notifikasi dilakukan sebelum aksi korporasi dilakukan, yang disebut dengan pra-notifikasi, agar kemungkinan terjadinya praktik monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat diketahui sejak dini dan dapat dicegah.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL AND PLATES FLOOR PLATE FLOOR AREA BONDEK PIM 3 BASEMENT PROJECT AND COST PERFORMANCE AGAINST TIME

Neutron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Hamonangan Girsang ◽  
Ihsan Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Review Time ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Basement Floor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Work Item

Work on the project floor Pondok Indah Mall 3 using plates bondek on basement area. Here I want to compare the effectiveness of the cost and time, why the owner and the contractor chose to use a plate bondek the basement area. This study aims to determine the differences between the two methods in terms of cost and time of work on the basement floor plates only at Pondok Indah Mall 3 project. Techniques of data collection using interviews and direct observations and combined with literature studies. Processing data using analytical methods of unit price (AHSP). The results of this research review time and cost. An observed work item is a work in the basement slab. From this research work price obtained slab bondek system more expensive, Rp 1,179,138,501 compared with the conventional method, in which the total price of the floor slab work bondek system is Rp 61,546,996,028, while the conventional method equal to Rp 60,367,857,526 As for the floor turnaround times bondek system requires 378 days, while the floor of conventional systems require 504 days.

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