scholarly journals A ‘Version’ in the languages of different systems

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunu Charkviani ◽  
Irma Rusadze ◽  
Sopo Kipiani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Long Time

The article deals with one of the language phenomena so called ‘version’ in the languages of different systems. A version has been supposed to be a morphological category of a verb in Georgian for a long time. Its function to show verb action possession between the parts of the sentence is conveyed in English through analytical forms with the help of additional words and through verb prefixes (synthetically) in Georgian. So, the work demonstrates version functioning in both languages in different ways through the examples from fiction.Besides, the article discusses a debatable issue whether this language phenomenon represents a verb grammatical category or it is simply an action direction. This supposition comes from the fact that the very prefixes for version in Georgian and the very additional words in English used to express this phenomenon cause some confusion in language learners and even in language explorers to consider version a morphological category. Also, in the bases of opinions of Georgian linguistics ‘version’ might be hardly qualified as a grammatical category.

scholarly journals Developing Medical Learning Materials to Promote Learners’ Creativity: A Corpus-based Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-193
Author(s):  
Junwei Niu ◽  
Mogana Dhamotharan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Practice Opportunities ◽  
Medical Learning ◽  
Medical University

For a long time in Mainland China, there exists a need for authentic supplementary materials and an extensive native speaker environment in courses like English as a Foreign Language and English for Specific Purposes. Yet, how to promote learners’ creativity in the process of developing medical learning materials practice? This study aims to develop certain medical learning materials as an Enriched Corpus-Based English Supplement. Developing those proper medical learning materials for medical learners can help them to develop relevant strategies of corpus-based learning creatively. It had been conducted from December 2016 to November 2019 with four teachers and 180 third-year medical students at Xinxiang Medical University in the Medical English course. Mixed methods were chosen to observe and investigate the use of ECBES among third-year medical students. Both quantitative and qualitative data in the learning process and the outcome had been collected and analyzed. The practice showed that more than 60% of the learners thought they were language learners; their needs were the starting point of enriching creative supplementary materials. Quantitative data of learners’ production after the practice were displayed, which implied that the ECBES practice of four skills was practical and useful. Then it discussed several aspects of qualitative indexes for the learners’ creative production, such as their choosing autonomy opportunities, practice opportunities from the learners’ views. The findings suggested that certain corpus-based materials could be developed to promote learners’ creativity in ESP learning.

scholarly journals Variety of pronunciation models in European and American teaching or (self-)learning manuals of pronunciation for non-native speakers of Spanish

Loquens ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 049
Author(s):  
Renzo Miotti
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Self Learning

This paper analyses a corpus of Spanish pronunciation manuals published in Europe (Spain and Italy) and in the Americas (United States, Canada, and Brazil) from the 1970s onwards, which are aimed at second-language learners. The aim is to answer the following questions: Which pronunciation model is adopted in (self-)learning pronunciation manuals for non-native speakers of Spanish in Europe and America? Is it possible to observe a convergence towards a unique model or do these manuals reflect a plurality of different models? What is the role of the Castilian norm? Is it still the only reference model in Europe? Is it still viewed as a prestige model in non-Spanish speaking parts of the American continent, as it has been for a long time? Finally, what are the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the pronunciation norms employed in these manuals? The results of the analysis show that the manuals in the corpus reflect a plurality of different pronunciation models. The Castilian norm, which distinguishes between /θ/ and /s/, and in most manuals also between /ʎ/ and /ʝ/, still has an undisputed primary role in Europe. In America, by contrast, three basic models can be observed, namely a neutral American— which in its main features coincides with the Spanish of Latin American highlands—, the European one, and Buenos Aires Spanish. Moreover, it must be pointed out that in American manuals the European model is always an alternative to the neutral American one and it is never proposed as a unique reference standard. Brazilian manuals, on the other hand, represent an anomalous case due to the lack of a unique reference standard as the teaching model. In this case, the three mentioned reference models represent alternative options based on characteristics of different kinds, as discussed in the article.

scholarly journals The Impact of Xeropan An Online Application Assisting Language Learning on the Processes of Foreign Language Learning

TEM Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Thékes ◽  
Orsolya Szilvássy
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Language Instruction ◽  
Online Application ◽  
Pedagogical Intervention ◽  
Integration Of Technology ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact

Examining the relationship between technology and the success of language acquisition and the integration of technology into language instruction has been around of a long time by now. In this current study, the impact of a pedagogical intervention is presented grounded on Xeropan, a gamified language learning application. It was found that Xeropan application has a positive impact on language learning processes. There was a visible improvement in language learners, and at the level of some tasks, it was indicated that there was a significant improvement as a result of the developmental intervention using Xeropan. It was also pointed out that students are content to work with Xeropan and find that it has a positive effect on them. Further conclusions are drawn.

scholarly journals Editorial

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Kees De Bot ◽  
Szilvia Bátyi
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Long Time

Teachers have known for a long time that language learners differ and that a one-size-fits-all does not exist. Still in the days of structuralism, language and its users were seen as being a “thing” to be learned and taught, and since the goal of the learning was the same for all learners—proficiency in the language—the road to that goal should be uniform as well. Language was seen as a set of structures that had to be mastered, and this led to the audio-lingual method in which learners had to drill patterns and make no mistakes, since mistakes could be engrained as good as correct patterns. It was argued that the audiolingual method allowed for individual variation, since learners could choose their own goals and repeat parts of the curriculum on their own.

CFL learners’ recognition and production of pragmatic routine formulae

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-61
Author(s):  
Jia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Learning Challenges ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Familiar Form

A pragmatic routine formula is any expression with a stable form that is commonly repeated in the routinized social interactions of a given culture. Previous research has reported that such pragmatic routine formulae are often underused by foreign language learners, even when they have been studying the language for a long time. To explore the reasons for this underuse, this study investigated the development of 59 Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) learners’ recognition and production of pragmatic routine formulae in situations they might encounter in China. Results showed that length of stay in the target language country had a significant effect on recognition but not on production. CFL learners with longer periods of residence abroad were able to recognize more pragmatic routine formulae, but which specific formulae were recognized depended on the interactional settings in which learners had engaged. Further analysis revealed that learning challenges may arise in three kinds of situations: (1) those requiring a pragmatic formula in the target language but a different formula in the learner’s native language, (2) those requiring a routine formula in the target language but no remarks in the native language, and (3) those in which the learner overgeneralizes a more familiar form.

scholarly journals Problems in and Solutions to Oral English Teaching in Rural Middle School—A Case Study in ZhaoCheng Middle School

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Yayan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
English Teaching ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Communication Ability ◽  
Rural Middle School

As a key skill for language learners, oral communication ability is one of the most important factors to measure one person’s overall quality. Being a widely used language, English has become an important communicative medium between countries. However, the purpose of learning English is to communicate. One can really master the language only by putting it into flexible use. However, English teaching in our country has been the problem of “dumb English” for a long time, especially oral English teaching in rural middle school. Due to the various constraints, oral English teaching still takes the traditional teaching methods. Students have no necessary English environment to exercise English. This kind of “dumb English” makes students lack language communicative ability. So it is urgent to improve the oral English teaching in rural school. In this paper, the investigation and questionnaire survey were aimed at investigating students’ oral English in the Middle School of Zhaocheng Town in Linfen, Shanxi Province, in order to find out the insufficiency of spoken language and give the recommendations, so as to improve the interest of speaking English for rural students and cultivate their communicative competence in spoken English. Finally, it can promote the students’ overall quality and overall performance for our society.

scholarly journals Reflections on the Grammatical Category of before, after and since Introducing Non-finite -ing Clauses: A Corpus Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Qingshun He
Keyword(s):  
English Language Learners ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Grammatical Metaphor ◽  
Unidirectional Transfer

<p>English language learners may be confused in identifying the grammatical category of such conjunctive expressions as <em>before, after </em>and<em> since</em> introducing non-finite <em>-ing</em> clauses. In this article, we will conduct a corpus-based investigation of hypotactic conjunctions and conjunctive prepositions following the principle of unidirectional transfer in grammatical metaphor proposed by He and Yang (2014) within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics. The research concludes that hypotactic conjunctions tend to transfer to zero conjunctions and <em>before, after </em>and<em> since</em> introducing non-finite <em>-ing</em> clauses should be included into the grammatical category of conjunctive prepositions.</p>

scholarly journals The Impact of Xeropan: An Online Application Assisting Language Learning on the Processes of Foreign Language Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-643
Author(s):  
Istvan Thekes
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Language Instruction ◽  
Online Application ◽  
The Road ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact

Examining the relationship between technology and the success of language acquisition and the integration of technology into language instruction has been around of a long time by now. The development of technology can essentially change how languages are taught. Nevertheless, it is only in the last few years that the road has opened up for new language learning opportunities. In this current study, the impact of a pedagogical intervention is presented grounded on Xeropan, a gamified language learning application. In addition to assessing the impact of the app, a questionnaire was also applied to find out how efficient language learners find language learning with the application. Based on the original aim of the literature and the study, answers were sought as to how Xeropan influences the English language learning process, how student users find Xeropan in terms of efficiency and motivation, and how self-regulated motivation correlates with use of Xeropan. It was found that Xeropan application has a positive impact on language learning processes. There was a visible improvement in language learners, and at the level of some tasks, it was indicated that there was a significant improvement as a result of the developmental intervention using Xeropan. It was also pointed out that students are content to work with Xeropan and find that it has a positive effect on them. Further conclusions are drawn.

200kv superconducting cryo electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
M. Iwatsuki ◽  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Crystal Fields ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
Long Time

In recent years, the electron microscope has been significantly improved in resolution and we can obtain routinely atomic-level high resolution images without any special skill. With this improvement, the structure analysis of organic materials has become one of the interesting targets in the biological and polymer crystal fields.Up to now, X-ray structure analysis has been mainly used for such materials. With this method, however, great effort and a long time are required for specimen preparation because of the need for larger crystals. This method can analyze average crystal structure but is insufficient for interpreting it on the atomic or molecular level. The electron microscopic method for organic materials has not only the advantage of specimen preparation but also the capability of providing various information from extremely small specimen regions, using strong interactions between electrons and the substance. On the other hand, however, this strong interaction has a big disadvantage in high radiation damage.

A Stationary Solution of High-Energy Electron Reflection (HEER) for An Arbitrary Surface

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
YIQUN MA
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Solution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Bloch Wave ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Periodic Surface ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Electron Reflection ◽  
Long Time

For a long time, the development of dynamical theory for HEER has been stagnated for several reasons. Although the Bloch wave method is powerful for the understanding of physical insights of electron diffraction, particularly electron transmission diffraction, it is not readily available for the simulation of various surface imperfection in electron reflection diffraction since it is basically a method for bulk materials and perfect surface. When the multislice method due to Cowley & Moodie is used for electron reflection, the “edge effects” stand firmly in the way of reaching a stationary solution for HEER. The multislice method due to Maksym & Beeby is valid only for an 2-D periodic surface.Now, a method for solving stationary solution of HEER for an arbitrary surface is available, which is called the Edge Patching method in Multislice-Only mode (the EPMO method). The analytical basis for this method can be attributed to two important characters of HEER: 1) 2-D dependence of the wave fields and 2) the Picard iteractionlike character of multislice calculation due to Cowley and Moodie in the Bragg case.

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