The Estimation of Small Percentages of Rubber in Fibrous Materials

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 672-677
Author(s):  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Rubber is being used in increasing quantity in fibrous materials of all types as a binder or to impart particular and special properties. The percentage of rubber employed varies from 3 to 15 or 20 per cent, and it is becoming of interest and importance to, have analytical methods to estimate with some degree of accuracy the percentage present. This estimation has several difficulties, and no one method can be adopted on account of the difference in behavior of various fibres. The fibre may consist of protein, such as silk, wool and other animal fibre, leather, or cellulose, such as jute, cotton, rayon, paper, kapok, etc. The rubber may be vulcanized or unvulcanized, and partly or completely in the oxidized state. In addition, there may be organic material, such as protein, soap (added as stabilizer for the latex), fats, oils, waxes, dyestuffs and inorganic substances from the fibre, fillers and pigments, coagulants, and so forth—to name only a few possible compositions. The problem appears complex, but may be simplified in some cases by knowing, from the process of manufacture, the definite absence or presence of certain of these likely ingredients.

Mathematical models of Gauss – Kruger projection for calculation of meridians conversion on the plane and scale of the image

2018 ◽  
Vol 934 (4) ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
P.A. Medvedev ◽  
M.V. Novgorodskaya
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Spherical Trigonometry ◽  
Cylindrical Projection ◽  
Rectangular Coordinates ◽  
In Series ◽  
Observational Errors ◽  
The Difference

This work contains continued research carried out on improving mathematical models of the Gauss-Krueger projection in accordance with the parameters of any ellipsoid with the removal of points from the axial meridian to l ≤ 6° . In terms of formulae earlier derived by the authors with improved convergence for the calculation of planar rectangular coordinates by geodesic coordinates, the algorithms for determining the convergence of meridians on the plane and the scale of the image are obtained. The improvement of the formulae represented in the form of series in powers of the difference in longitudes was accomplished by separating spherical terms in series and then replacing their approximate sums by exact expressions using the formulae of spherical trigonometry. As in previous works published in this journal [7, 8], determining the sums of the spherical terms was carried out according to the laws of the transverse-cylindrical projection of the sphere on the plane. Theoretical studies are given and formulae are proposed for estimating the observational errors in the results of the derived algorithms. The maximum of observational errors of convergence of meridians and scale, proceeding from the specified accuracy of the determined quantities was established through analytical methods.

scholarly journals Holographic Lifshitz superconductors with Weyl correction

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Wang Lu ◽  
Ya-Bo Wu ◽  
Bao-Ping Dong ◽  
Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Lifshitz Black Hole ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Numerical And Analytical Methods

AbstractAt the probe approximation, we construct a holographic p-wave conductor/superconductor model in the five-dimensional Lifshitz black hole with the Weyl correction via both numerical and analytical methods, and study the effects of the Lifshitz parameter z as well as the Weyl parameter $$\gamma $$ γ on the superconductor model. As we take into account one of the two corrections separately, the increasing z ($$\gamma $$ γ ) inhibits(enhances) the superconductor phase transition. When the two corrections are considered comprehensively, they display the obviously competitive effects on both the critical temperature and the vector condensate. In particular, the promoting effects of the Weyl parameter $$\gamma $$ γ on the critical temperature are obviously suppressed by the increasing Lifshitz parameter. Meanwhile, in the case of $$z<2.35$$ z < 2.35 ($$z>2.35$$ z > 2.35 ), the condensate at lower temperature decreases(increases) with the increasing Weyl parameter $$\gamma $$ γ . What is more, the difference among the condensate with the fixed Weyl parameter($$\gamma =-\frac{6}{100},0,\frac{4}{100}$$ γ = - 6 100 , 0 , 4 100 ) decreases(increases) with the increasing Lifshitz parameter z in the region $$z<2.35$$ z < 2.35 ($$z>2.35$$ z > 2.35 ). Furthermore, the increasing z obviously suppresses the real part of conductivity for all value of the Weyl parameter $$\gamma $$ γ . In addition, the analytical results agree well with the ones from the numerical method.

scholarly journals Liquid-liquid phase separation in particles containing secondary organic material free of inorganic salts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mijung Song ◽  
Pengfei Liu ◽  
Scot T. Martin ◽  
Allan K. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Condensation Nucleation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

Abstract. Particles containing secondary organic material (SOM) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and play a role in climate and air quality. Recently, research has shown that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) occurs at high relative humidities (RH) (greater than ~ 95 %) in α-pinene-derived SOM particles free of inorganic salts while LLPS does not occur in isoprene-derived SOM particles free of inorganic salts. We expand on these findings by investigating LLPS in SOM particles free of inorganic salts produced from ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene, ozonolysis of limonene, and photo-oxidation of toluene. LLPS was observed at greater than ~ 95 % RH in the biogenic SOM particles derived from β-caryophyllene and limonene while LLPS was not observed in the anthropogenic SOM particles derived from toluene at 290 ± 1 K. This work combined with the earlier work on LLPS in SOM particles free of inorganic salts suggests that the occurrence of LLPS in SOM particles free of inorganic salts is related to the average oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio (O : C) of the organic material. When the average O : C is between 0.25 and 0.60, LLPS was observed, but when the average O : C was between 0.52 and 1.3, LLPS was not observed. These results help explain the difference between the hygroscopic parameter k of SOM particles measured above and below water saturation in the laboratory and field, and have implications for predicting the cloud condensation nucleation properties of SOM particles.

Dependent Scattering Properties of Woven Fibrous Insulations for Normal Incidence

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
S. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Plane Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Parallel Fibers ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Incident Plane ◽  
Additional Interaction ◽  
The Difference

The scattering properties of woven fibrous materials are examined in this paper and a simple model is presented to account for the interactions between the scattered radiation from different individual fibers. The case of a normally incident plane electromagnetic wave is considered. Fiber sizes in the Rayleigh regime are considered for developing closed-form solutions. Previous studies in the literature that have addressed the scattering properties of fibrous materials have mostly ignored the effect of constructive or destructive addition of scattered waves from individual fibers, the exception being the case of parallel fibers. The difference in the effects of interference on scattering properties of parallel fibers and of woven fabrics arises from the additional interaction of radiation scattered from mutually perpendicular fibers in the latter case, which further complicates the analysis.

LCBASE: Program and database for phase identification

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
W. Paszkowicz ◽  
A. Makosa
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Electron Diffraction Data ◽  
Bravais Lattice ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
Solubility Range ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
The Difference

A computer program for phase identification using powder diffraction data is presented. It works with a small database containing the unit-cell dimensions and Bravais lattice for chosen classes of inorganic substances. The algorithm works for single phase samples and such samples in which a single phase dominates. During the search, the peak positions generated using the reference unit cells are compared with the experimental ones. Unit-cell constants of all obtained solutions are (optionally) immediately refined. Application examples show that the method gives as possible solutions those database entries for which the cell dimensions differ from the investigated sample by not more than about 0.05 Å. These entries may include the true phase or isotypical phases unless the imposed chemical constraint does not exclude them. If the sample is a solid solution, then the algorithm is able to find phases of differing chemical composition belonging to the same solubility range (provided that the difference in lattice constants is not too large). One of the examples illustrates the possibility of application for electron-diffraction data.

The Estimation of Small Percentages of Rubber in Fibrous Materials

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 300-302
Author(s):  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Cellulosic Material ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The estimation of the percentage of rubber in fibrous products treated, for example, with Positex involves several difficulties, and no one method can be adopted on account of the difference in behavior of the various fibers. The fiber may consist of protein such as silk, wool or other animal fiber, and leather, or cellulosic material such as jute, cotton, rayon, paper, kapok, etc. The rubber may be vulcanized or unvulcanized. In addition to fiber and rubber, the presence of other substances such as soap, fats, waxes, oils, dyestuffs, fillers, pigments, etc., must not be overlooked. The problem of analysis appears complex, but may be simplified in some cases by knowing, from the process of manufacture, the definite absence or presence of certain ingredients. The three techniques available are now discussed.

scholarly journals Photoneutron and capture gamma dose calculations for a radiotherapy room made of high density concrete

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar Mesbahi ◽  
Hosein Ghiasi ◽  
Rabee Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Gamma Dose ◽  
High Density ◽  
Dose Calculations ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Dose Equivalent ◽  
Entrance Door ◽  
Therapy Room ◽  
The Difference

Neutron and capture gamma ray dose equivalent along the maze and entrance door of a radiation therapy room made of high density concrete was calculated using analytical and Monte Carlo methods. The room geometry and the 18 MV photon beam of a Varian 2100C/D linac were simulated using MCNPX MC code. Four analytical methods including Kersey, French, McCall, and Wu-McGinley methods were used in the current study. Average difference of 13-30% was seen between analytical and MC methods along the maze for photoneutron calculations. The difference between Wu-McGinley and MC methods was about 17% for capture gamma ray calculations. It was concluded that the analytical methods overestimate both neutron and capture gamma ray dose equivalents compared to MC. Moreover, it was shown that the analytical methods can be used as conservative estimators for neutron and capture gamma calculations.

scholarly journals Experimental Studies on the Flameproofing Efficiency of Some Inorganic Substances upon the Inflammation of Wood and Fibrous Materials

Helix ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Olga A. Ivchenko ◽  
Kirill E. Pankin ◽  
Elena V. Kusmartseva ◽  
Sergey A. Anisimov ◽  
Aleksandr V. Tutin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Inorganic Substances

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN TINGKAT LITERASI KEUANGAN PARA WIRAUSAHAWAN DAN KARYAWAN ALUMNI UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Surya Setyawan ◽  
Kartika Imasari Tjiptodjojo
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Christian University ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Literacy Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Company

This research discusses about level of financial literacy of Maranatha Christian University alumni who active running his/her own business as an entrepreneur or active as a staff in a company. It also discuss about the difference level of financial literacy between entrepreneur and staff. There are 47 valid respondents as alumni who are asked about financial knowledge via online questionnaire. The measurement for financial literacy level is using descriptive analytical methods; moreover, the comparison between alumni who is an entrepreneur and working as a staff is using difference tests. The unexpected result shows that entrepreneur’s financial literacy level is lower than staff, but there is no significant difference between two groups.

scholarly journals A comparison of methods for the estimation of the proportion of microbial nitrogen in duodenal digesta, and of correction for microbial contamination in nylon bags incubated in the rumen of sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kennedy ◽  
G. P. Hazlewood ◽  
L. P. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Differential Centrifugation ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
The Difference

1. Four sheep, each fitted with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum, were given two diets (1390 g dry matter (DM)/d) consisting of lucerne (Medicago sutiva) pellets (24.2 g nitrogen/kg DM) plus pelleted reed canary grass (Phaluris arundinacea; 14.1 g N/kg DM) or chopped hay (11.8 g N/kg DM) at intervals of 2 h. Flow of duodenal digesta measured by reference to the markers51Cr-EDTA and103Ru-phenanthroline indicated a net gain of 5.8–7.5 g non-ammonia-N (NAN) between mouth and duodenum.2. The proportion of microbial N in duodenal digesta N was estimated using15N and35S incorporation into bacteria and digesta. Two methods of analysis for35S content, the Bird & Fountain (1970; B&F method) and the Mathers & Miller (1980; M&M method), were used. (15NH4)2S04and Na235S04were infused into the rumen for 3.5 d before and 4.0 d during sampling. A bacterial fraction was prepared from the fluid phases of sampled duodenal digesta and rumen contents by differential centrifugation. In addition, samples of ground canary grass and of lucerne were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen for 3–48 h during the infusion.3. Each of the35S analytical methods yielded similar values of35S content of isolated rumen or duodenal bacteria, but there was more (P< 0.05) incorporation of15N into rumen than into duodenal bacteria. Relative to values obtained using the M&M method and15N incorporation, the B&F method for S analysis yielded higher (P< 0.05) estimates of microbial content of duodenal digesta from sheep given chopped reed canary grass.4.35S activity associated with washed nylon-bag residues increased rapidly with time-period of incubation and was substantially greater (P< 0.05) when analysed by the B&F method compared with the M&M method. The35S content (/g DM) of adherent bacteria removed from nylon-bag residues by homogenization in a second experiment vaned from 0.65 to 1.88 that of free-living bacteria isolated from rumen fluid by differential centrifugation.5. The difference in35S content in digesta and nylon-bag residues as measured using the two analytical methods was considered in relation to35S-labelled extracellular material postulated to be produced by bacteria adherent to plant residues. Estimates of disappearance of dietary N from nylon bags after correction for microbial contamination indicated a disparity with estimates based on in vivo information.

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