STUDY OF THE FRIEDEL–CRAFT CO-CURING OF ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Estagy ◽  
Saeed Ostad Movahed ◽  
Soheil Yazdanbakhsh ◽  
Majid Karim Nezhad
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Monomer Content ◽  
Blend Ratios ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

ABSTRACT Polymer blends are mixtures of at least two macromolecular species, polymers, and/or copolymers. A good blend should have strong interphases between different parts of the constituent polymers. To improve adhesion and miscibility of EPDM and SBR in their blends, a Lewis acid, AlCl3, was used to form EPDM-g-SBR copolymer through Friedel–Craft reactions. The effects of blend AlCl3 content, the diene monomer content of the EPDM, the EPDM–SBR weight ratio in the blend, the room temperature aging of the blend, and the type of the oil in the blend on cross-link reactions were studied. The results showed that an increase in AlCl3 content, up to 2 phr in the formulation, was beneficial to ΔTorque (difference between minimum and maximum torque in cure trace) and cross-link density (CLD) values of the compounds. The viscosity of the blends played a key role on AlCl3 curing of the compounds. As a general rule, the ΔTorque and CLD values tended to increase with diene monomer content of the EPDM. A high reduction in ΔTorque values was observed after 3 months of aging at room temperature. The oil incorporation was beneficial to cure parameters in the following order: oleic acid, paraffin oil, no oil, and aromatic oil, respectively. The EPDM–SBR weight ratios of 50:50 and/or 60:40 were demonstrated to be desired blend ratios.

scholarly journals Influence of trans-polyoctylene rubber content on styrene-butadiene rubber properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Patrik Macúrik ◽  
Rafal Anyszka ◽  
Ivan Hudec ◽  
Terézia Malčeková ◽  
Ján Kruželák
Keyword(s):  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cross Link Density ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

AbstractThe study was focused on the investigation of trans-polyoctylene (TOR) influence on cross-linking as well as mechanical and rheological properties of rubber compounds based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). SBR was compounded with different proportions of TOR in the concentration range from 0 to 30 phr. Integration of TOR into rubber leads to the prolongation of the optimum curing time and scorch time and thus the decrease of the curing rate. Higher content of TOR led to less viscous rubber due to the plasticizing effect. Cross-link density of vulcanizates was reduced, which correlates with higher elongation at break. Tensile strength and hardness of vulcanizates increased with the increasing TOR content, probably due to the increasing amount of the crystalline phase.

Rubber magnets cured with peroxide and coagents

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-270
Author(s):  
Andrea Kvasničáková ◽  
Ján Kruželák ◽  
Elena Medlenová ◽  
Rastislav Dosoudil ◽  
Ivan Hudec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Magnetic Composites ◽  
Peroxide Curing ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cross Link Density ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Barium ferrite in constant amount (50 phr) was incorporated into styrene-butadiene rubber to prepare rubber magnetic composites. Dicumyl peroxide was used as a curing agent for cross-linking of the prepared composites. Four different types of low-molecular-weight organic compounds were applied as coagents to enhance the efficiency of cross-linking process and to improve the compatibility between the rubber and the filler on the interphase. The main goal of this work was to investigate the influence of the composition of peroxide curing system on cross-link density, physical–mechanical and magnetic properties of the composites. The results revealed that the type and amount of coagents have no influence on magnetic properties of the rubber magnets. On the other hand, cross-link density and physical–mechanical properties were significantly dependent on the composition of curing system. The increase of tensile strength can be attributed to the improvement of adhesion on the interphase filler–rubber due to the presence of coagents.

The Effects of Different Fillers on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of SBR/CRr Blends

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Azrem Azmi ◽  
Nik Noriman Zulkepli ◽  
Mohd Firdaus Omar ◽  
Kamarudin Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Blend Ratios ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Fractured Surface ◽  
Scanning Electron

This research deals with the effects of different fillers of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber/carbon black (SBR/CRr/CB) blends and styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber/calcium carbonate (SBR/CRr/CaCO3) blends on mechanical and morphological properties. The range size of CRr used in this study was 181 – 549 μm. Both SBR/CRr/CB blends and SBR/CRr/CaCO3 were prepared using a two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. It can be observed that, tensile strength, Eb and rebound resilience of SBR/CRr/CB blends and SBR/CRr/CaCO3 blends decreased with increasing CRr content in both blends. However, M100 increased with increasing CRr content in both blends. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fractured surface of SBR/CRr/CB blends illustrates better adhesion between CB and SBR matrix compared to SBR/CRr/CaCO3 blends at all blend ratios.Keywords: styrene butadiene rubber, recycled chloroprene rubber, mechanical properties, SEM

The Effects of TOR as a Compatibilizer on Tensile and Morphological Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (SBR/CRr) Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 679 ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
Ahmad Azmi Azrem ◽  
N.Z. Noimam ◽  
S.T. Sam ◽  
C.M. Ruzaidi ◽  
M.F. Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Blend Ratios ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Fractured Surface

Blends of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (SBR/CRr) with and without of trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) were prepared and the effects of tensile and morphological properties were determined. Both uncompatibilised and compatibilised SBR/CRr blends were prepared using a two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. Compatiblized SBR/CRr blends with TOR enhanced the tensile strength and M100 but reduced the Eb and rebound resilience compared to uncompatibilized SBR/CRr blends. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fractured surface of compatibilised SBR/CRr blend at 15 and 50 blend ratios illustrated a stronger interfacial adhesion and better dispersion of CRr-SBR matrix.

FT-IR and Morphology of Different Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Glove (NBRgr) Size and its Blend Ratios of SBR/NBRr Blends

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 1033-1037
Author(s):  
I. Lokman Hakim ◽  
N.Z. Noimam ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
S.T. Sam ◽  
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Surface ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Glove ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Blend Ratios ◽  
Amine Absorption ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Recycling rubber waste contributes to a cleaner environment by using indestructible rubber discards as well as lowering production costs as reclaimed rubber is cheaper than virgin or natural rubber. Therefore, in this study, the properties of recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber glove (NBRgr) blending with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) has been determined. The effects of SBR/NBRr blends on properties of such fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and morphology properties were carried out. FT-IR analysis showed that SBR/NBRr R05 blended with the smallest size NBRr (S1) and showed most intense amine absorption at 1535 cm-1.The intensity decreased by increasing the NBRr sizes. By incorporating the smallest size NBRr provided more surface area to interact with SBR polymers thus increased the level of crosslink. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation on fatigue failure surface, the SBR/NBRr blended with the finest size of NBRr (S1) showed roughest matrix tearing compared to S2 and S3 indicated better fatigue propagation. At higher blend ratio (50/50), the SBR/NBRr blended with S2 and S3 exhibited a coarser and a poorer distribution of NBRr with SBR matrix which led to lower fatigue life.

Barium and strontium ferrite-filled composites based on NBR and SBR

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Kruželák ◽  
Martina Matvejová ◽  
Rastislav Dosoudil ◽  
Ivan Hudec
Keyword(s):  
Barium Ferrite ◽  
Strontium Ferrite ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Magnetic Composites ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cross Link Density ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

In the first part of the research, rubber magnetic composites were prepared by incorporation of strontium and barium ferrite in concentration scale ranging from 0 to 200 phr into rubber matrices based on acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber and styrene–butadiene rubber. The main objective was to investigate the influence of the type and content of magnetic filler on the cross-link density, physical–mechanical and magnetic characteristics of the prepared composites. In the second part of the study, the content of magnetic fillers was kept on constant level—200 phr and the main aim was to investigate the change in mutual combination of both fillers on the cross-linking and properties of the rubber magnets. The results revealed that both fillers show reinforcement effect in the rubber matrices. The higher tensile strength of composites was achieved by application of barium ferrite. Magnetic properties of composite materials were significantly influenced by magnetic characteristics of magnetic fillers. Higher remanent magnetic induction of barium ferrite was reflected in higher remanent magnetization of the equivalent composites. On the other hand, higher coercivity of strontium ferrite resulted in higher coercivity of strontium ferrite-filled composites.

scholarly journals Itaconate Based Elastomer as a Green Alternative to Styrene–Butadiene Rubber for Engineering Applications: Performance Comparison

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Liwei Li ◽  
Haijun Ji ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Liqun Zhang ◽  
Xinxin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

In response to increasingly stringent requirements for the sustainability and environmental friendliness of the rubber industry, the application and development of bio-based elastomers have received extensive attention. In this work, we prepared a new type of bio-based elastomer poly(dibutyl itaconate-butadiene) copolymer (PDBIB) nanocomposite using carbon black and non-petroleum-based silica with a coupling agent. Using dynamic thermodynamic analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), we studied the effects of feed ratio on dynamic mechanical properties, micro morphology, and filler dispersion of PDBIB composites. Among them, silica-reinforced PDBIB60 (weight ratio of dibutyl itaconate to butadiene 40/60) and carbon black-reinforced PDBIB70 (weight ratio of dibutyl itaconate to butadiene 30/70) both showed excellent performance, such as tensile strength higher than 18 MPa and an elongation break higher than 400%. Compared with the widely used ESBR, the results showed that PDBIB had better rolling resistance and heat generation than ESBR. In addition, considering the development of green tires, we compared it with the solution polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber with better comprehensive performance, and analyzed the advantages of PDBIB and the areas to be improved. In summary, PDBIB prepared from bio-based monomers had superior performance and is of great significance for achieving sustainable development, providing a direction for the development of high-performance green tire and holding great potential to replace petroleum-derived elastomers.

Physical and Morphological Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber / Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (SBR/CRr) Blends

2013 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Ahmad Azmi Azrem ◽  
N.Z. Noriman ◽  
M.N. Razif ◽  
S.T. Sam ◽  
M.S. Saiful Nizwan
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tensile Fracture Surface ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Blend Ratios ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The effects of physical and morphological properties of styrene butadiene rubber/virgin chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRv) and styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRr) were investigated. Both SBR/CRv blends and SBR/CRr blends were prepared using two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. The range size of CRr used in this study was 0.3 0.7 mm. The SBR/CRr blends shows higher value of hardness and crosslink density compared to SBR/CRv blends at all blend ratios. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of SBR/CRr blends at 15 blend ratio illustrated a better adhesion and dispersion of CRr with SBR matrix compared with SBR/CRv blends.

scholarly journals Styrene-Butadiene Rubber by Miniemulsion Polymerization Using In Situ Generated Surfactant

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Anderson M. S. Medeiros ◽  
Elodie Bourgeat-Lami ◽  
Timothy F. L. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Miniemulsion Polymerization ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Secondary Nucleation ◽  
Potassium Oleate ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

An alternative approach for the synthesis of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) copolymer latexes was explored in order to obtain low gel fractions and high solid contents. The ultra-turrax-assisted miniemulsion stabilized by in situ surfactant generation was adopted as the main strategy since this technique can inhibit the eventual presence of secondary nucleation producing polybutadiene particles and also control the cross-linking degree. Styrene monomer was first miniemulsified using an ultra-turrax and in situ generated surfactant using either hexadecane (HD) or octadecyl acrylate (ODA) as the hydrophobe. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of droplet size indicated faster stabilization and the production of smaller droplet diameters ca. 190 nm (PdI = 0.08) when employing in situ generated potassium oleate (K-Oleate) in comparison to SDS-based miniemulsions. High butadiene-level SBR latexes with ca. 50% solids content, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −52 °C, and a butadiene to styrene weight ratio of 75:25, were then obtained using the miniemulsion droplets as seeds. Turbiscan and DLS measurements revealed a very stable resulting latex with SBR particle diameter of ca. 220 nm and a low polydispersity index (PdI). Secondary nucleation was prevented as indicated by the low Np/Nd value. Cryo-TEM images showed a narrow distribution of particle size as well as the absence of agglomeration. The gel content was below 10% when tert-dodecyl mercaptan (t-DM) was used as chain transfer agent (CTA).

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