EFFECTS OF 4,4′-BISMALEIMIDODIPHENYLMETHANE CURING AGENT ON MORPHOLOGICAL, RHEOLOGICAL, AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DYNAMICALLY VULCANIZED BIIR/POLYPROPYLENE ELASTOMERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Aiming Zhang ◽  
Tao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Capillary Rheometer ◽  
Dynamic Vulcanization ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Pp Blends

ABSTRACT The morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties of BIIR/polypropylene (PP) blends with various amounts of 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (BMI) curing agent were studied. As the level of BMI curing agent increased, the rubber single particle size decreased, but the interaction among the particles strengthened to form aggregates. The rheological properties were determined with a high-pressure capillary rheometer and a rotational rheometer. It was found that the rheological behavior was affected by both the BMI content and the morphology of the blends. The increased BMI content led to the smaller vulcanized BIIR rubber particles dispersing in the PP continuous phase because of the improvement in cross-linking speed and degree as well as the viscosity of BIIR. The dynamic vulcanization strongly improved the elasticity of the blends. The storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity of cured BIIR/PP blends were all obviously higher than those of the uncured blend, whereas the values of tan δ showed the opposite trend. The as-prepared BIIR/PP thermoplastic vulcanizate exhibited suitable hardness and good mechanical properties.

Properties of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber (TPNR): Influence of Polypropylene Grades on TPNR Properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanida Manleh ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
Natinee Lopattananon ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Dynamic Vulcanization ◽  
Thermoplastic Natural Rubber ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) based on natural rubber (NR) and polypropylene (PP) blends were successfully prepared through a dynamic vulcanization process using Brabender Plastograph EC Plus with a rotor speed of 60 rpm at 180°C. Sulfur vulcanization system was used to cure rubber phase in the TPVs. Three grades of PP (i.e., PP700J, HP553R and HP544T) were used to blend with NR at a fixed blend ratio of NR/PP = 60/40. The mechanical properties, crosslink density, complex viscosity and morphological properties of the blends were examined. The results revealed that the dynamically cured NR/PP700J samples showed the best mechanical properties because of higher crosslink density and smaller rubber particle size when compared with those of the blends combined with HP553R and HP544T. Furthermore, the complex viscosity of the TPVs was highest for the blends with PP700J.

Dynamic rheological behavior of polyfluorinated ethylene propylene/polypropylene blend melts

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
JZ Liang ◽  
W Peng ◽  
KJ Wang
Keyword(s):  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
The Relationship

The polyfluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)/polypropylene (PP) blend was compounded at melt state in a twin-screw extruder. The melt dynamic viscoelasticity of FEP/PP blends was measured using a Bohlin rheometer with the extended temperature option under experimental conditions with temperature scope from 270°C to 280°C and shear frequency ( ω) varying from 10−2 to 101 s−1. The results showed that the shear storage modulus ( G′) and shear loss modulus ( G″) increased nonlinearly, while the dynamic complex viscosity ( η*) decreased slightly with increasing ω. The G′ and G″ were an exponential function of ω. The G′, G″, and η* of the blend melts decreased with an addition of the PP weight fraction [Formula: see text], and the relationship between them might be expressed by a multinomial third-order equation. This phenomenon might be attributed to the difference in viscoelasticity between the FEP melt and PP melt. The value of tan δ of the blend melts achieved the maximum at about 100 s−1.

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Bio-Based and Synthetic Petroleum Based Polymer Foams with Powder Type Organic Filler at Prolonged Ultra-Violet Exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Zulhakimie ◽  
◽  
Anika Zafiah M. Rus ◽  
N S S Sulong ◽  
A Syah Z A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Polymer ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Polymer Foams ◽  
Polymer Foam ◽  
Powder Filler ◽  
Tan Δ

Wood powder filler applied to the bio-based and epoxy polymer foams has the potential to reinforce the polymer foam structure. The 'Meranti' wood filler type was used as the filler in this analysis. In order to observe the pore size of each sample when exposed to different hours of UV exposure using optical microscopy (OM), this study was made.This analysis was conducted to compare the mechanical properties of each sample with different filler ratios of 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15wt% and 20 wt% at different UV exposure hours, which is 0 hour to 6000 hours with a 2000 hour rapid increase. Using the DMA Q800 TA unit, the mechanical properties were studied. In order to obtain the product of their mechanical properties, samples having a scale of 40 x 10 x 5 mm were clamped into the machine. The results will show the value of tan δ, loss modulus and storage modulus from the DMA test.The tan δ value shows that the high tanδvalue will be produced by the higher ratio filler. In contrast to bio-based polymer foams, epoxy polymer foams with powder fillers have the highest tan δ value. It shows that the higher filler ratio can be reported with the lower tan δ value. As the filler ratio filler in the polymer foams increased, the consequence of storage and loss modulus was found to increase. The greater the modulus of loss and the modulus of storage, the lower the temperature. As energy is lost as heat during UV irradiation exposure, bio-based polymer foams with a high powder filler ratio can dissipate more energy.

Thermoplastic Natural Rubber of Co-Polyamide: Effect of Blend Ratios on Mechanical, Swelling, Dynamic and Morphological Properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Boripat Sripornsawat ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman ◽  
Charoen Nakason
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Degree Of Swelling ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Thermoplastic Natural Rubber ◽  
Blend Ratios

Maleated natural rubber (MNR) was synthesized and formulated to prepare thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) by blending with co-polyamide (COPA). It was found that 100% modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and degree of swelling increased with increasing proportion of COPA. However, degree of swelling and tension set value decreased which reflects enhancing of rubber elasticity. Dynamic properties were also determined by a rotor less oscillating shear rheometer (Rheo Tech MDpt). It was found that increasing proportion of MNR caused increasing of storage modulus and complex viscosity but decreasing tan δ value. Morphological properties were also determined by SEM technique. It was found that the MNR/COPA simple blends with the proportion of rubber 40, 50 and 60 wt% exhibited the co-continuous phase structures.

scholarly journals Use of waste materials in rubber matrix

2018 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 07009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Pajtášová ◽  
Zuzana Mičicová ◽  
Darina Ondrušová ◽  
Slavomíra Božeková ◽  
Róbert Janík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Loss Angle ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Tan Δ

The presented paper deals with the use of waste materials as ecological fillers into rubber matrix. Waste materials were used as partial replacement of the commercial filler – carbon black, designated as N339. These prepared rubber compounds were characterized on the basis of the rheology and vulcanization characteristics – minimum torque (ML), maximum torque (MH), optimum time of vulcanization (t(c90)), processing safety of compound (ts), rate coefficient of vulcanization (Rv). In the case of the prepared vulcanizates, physical-mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensibility and hardness) and dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus, loss modulus, loss angle tan δ) were investigated. Using the dependency of loss angle on temperature, the selected properties for tyre tread vulcanizates were evaluated, including traction on snow and ice, traction on the wet surface and rolling resistance.

Effect of Sulfur Donor on Properties of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on NR/PP

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanida Manleh ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
Natinee Lopattananon ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman
Keyword(s):  
Storage Modulus ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Dynamic Vulcanization ◽  
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Sulfur Donor

Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on natural rubber and polypropylene blend (NR/PP) was prepared via dynamic vulcanization by melt mixing process at 180°C and a rotor speed of 60 rpm. Three types of vulcanizing agent (i.e., Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD), 4,4 Dithiodimorpholine (DTDM) and Dipentamethylene thiuram tetrasulfide (Tetrone A)) were used to cure the rubber phase of NR/PP blends. Influence loading levels of sulfur donor at 1, 2 and 3 phr on dynamic properties and crosslink density were studied. The result showed that the dynamically cured NR/PP blends with Tetrone A gave higher mechanical properties, storage modulus, complex viscosity, and crosslink density with the lower value of tanδ than those of the blends with TMTD and DTDM. Furthermore, the storage modulus, complex viscosity and crosslink density of TPVs increased with increasing loading levels for all types of sulfur donor. It was also found that thermal stability of dynamically cured NR/PP blends is higher than that of the pure NR.

Degradation of the Rubber Network during Dynamic Vulcanization of EPDM/PP Blends Using Phenolic Resol

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Antunes ◽  
A. V. Machado ◽  
M. van Duin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Dynamic Vulcanization ◽  
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
Batch Mixer

Abstract Physical blends and thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on EPDM and PP were prepared in a batch mixer. Dynamic vulcanization of TPVs using resol/SnCl2 was studied as a function of time. Static and dynamic vulcanization of EPDM in the absence of PP were also studied. Crosslinking of EPDM in the absence of PP is more efficient via static than dynamic vulcanization. For EPDM/PP-based TPVs the extent of crosslinking reaction versus time decreases as the amount of EPDM increases. Degradation of the EPDM network occurs during dynamic vulcanization, due to the combined action of shearing and high temperature, and increases as EPDM becomes more and more the continuous phase.

Dynamic nanomechanical response of nacre

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2045-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bedabibhas Mohanty ◽  
Kalpana S. Katti ◽  
Dinesh R. Katti ◽  
Devendra Verma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Nanocomposite System ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Dynamic Nanoindentation

Nacre, the shiny inner layer of mollusk shells is a model biomimetic nanocomposite system. Its exceptional mechanical properties have been the inspiration for materials scientists for several decades. Nacre exhibits a layered brick and mortar structure. It is composed of 95% inorganic (aragonitic CaCO3) phase and 5% organic (mainly proteins and polysaccharides) phase that are arranged in interlocked brick and mortar architecture with the mineral as bricks and organics as the mortar. In the current work, we describe the dynamic nanomechanical behavior of nacre using dynamic nanoindentation (nano-DMA) experiments. Two sets of loads were applied to obtain the dynamic response from varying depths in nacre. These tests were performed at three different frequencies (25, 50, and 100 Hz) to study the effect of frequency on the dynamic properties of nacre. The loss modulus (E″) and the loss factor (tan δ) were measured. Both of these parameters were observed to increase with increase in depth. Significant increase in tan δ was observed with the increase in frequency. Photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies on nacre indicate the presence of water in nacre. This water may be present at nanograin interfaces in nacre platelets, at organic–inorganic interfaces, and also in the organic phase in nacre. We believe that water is one of the significant contributors to the viscoelasticity of nacre. Our results indicate that the aragonite platelets in nacre may also contribute to viscoelasticity.

Quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation to determine the influence of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of bamboo cell walls

Holzforschung ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 909-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Li ◽  
Liping Yin ◽  
Chengjian Huang ◽  
Yujie Meng ◽  
Feng Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Bamboo Fibers ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Dynamic Nanoindentation

Abstract Bamboo was thermally treated at 180°C and 200°C, and the micromechanical properties of its cell walls were investigated by means of quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation experiments. With increasing treatment temperatures, the average dry density and mass of the bamboo decreased, whereas the already reduced elastic modulus at 180°C of the fiber cell walls did not change, but the hardness showed increasing tendencies. Dynamic nanoindentation revealed reduced storage modulus $({E'_{\rm{r}}})$ and loss modulus $({E''_{\rm{r}}}\,)$ for the thermotreated bamboo cell walls compared with the untreated bamboo fibers in all frequency regions. Moreover, ${E'_{\rm{r}}},{\rm{ }}{E''_{\rm{r}}},$ and loss tangent (tan δ) of treated bamboo decreased with increasing treatment temperature.

Effect of filler type and composition on the mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of PS/SBR vulcanizate

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-614
Author(s):  
Hirra Anjum ◽  
Syed Waqas Ahmad ◽  
Rabia Sharif ◽  
Muhammad Tausif
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Vulcanization ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical

Abstract Dynamic vulcanization is an eminent industrial process to enhance the physical, thermal, and rheological properties of polymer composites. The present experimental study comprised the formation of polystyrene (PS) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites using three different types of fillers, namely, kaolin, talc, and rice husk powder (RHP), whereas dicumylperoxide was added as a cross-linking agent. Further, the filler loading was varied from 0 to 20 parts per hundred of resin (phr) for all types (i.e. RHP). The mechanical (i.e. tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength), thermal (i.e. melting point and softening point index), and dynamic mechanical properties of each composite were measured and compared with each other. The results indicate that kaolin-based vulcanizate showed better mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties compared to that of talc and RHP vulcanizate. Furthermore, it can be observed that the mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of PS/SBR vulcanizates are the function of filler loadings for all three types of fillers (i.e. kaolin, talc, and RHP). In addition, high-temperature storage properties (i.e. loss modulus and storage modulus) were also investigated for better design and material optimization. The study may be helpful to the tribological applications in material selection and design.

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