Persistant Organic Pollutants in Soil and Its Phytoremediation

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of soil mainly exhibit toxic characteristics that posses hazard to whole mankind. These toxic pollutants includes several group of compound viz., polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, herbicides and organic fuels, especially gasoline and diesel. They can also be complex mixture of organic chemicals, heavy metals and microbes from septic systems, animal wastes and other sources of organic inputs. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology which can be used for remediation of soil from organic pollutants. In this chapter an attempt has been made to discuss about the sources of organic pollutants, factors that influenced the uptake of organic pollutants by plants, the different mechanism responsible for organic pollutants, phytoremediation of organic pollutants and their advantages and limitation.

Development of Technology for Production of Coal-Water Fuel and Determination of the Optimality of Its Combustion

The article investigates the processes of preparing liquid fuel based on a mixture of coal from the Alai deposit (Kyrgyzstan) and water with the addition of other components, for combustion in various power plants and intended to replace organic fuels (solid fuel, fuel oil and gas). On the basis of the research results, a technological scheme for the preparation of coal-water fuel from the organic matter of the Alai deposit has been developed. Methods and technologies for the preparation of coal-water fuel are described. As a result, an efficient and energy-efficient method for producing coal-water fuel has been developed, which has a high energy potential, environmental friendliness, low cost, a wide range of applications and a fairly simple technology for its implementation.

Hypergolic Ignition of 1,3-Cyclodienes by Fuming Nitric Acid toward the Fast and Spontaneous Formation of Carbon Nanosheets at Ambient Conditions

A hypergolic system is a combination of organic fuel and oxidizer that ignites spontaneously upon contact without any external ignition source. Although their main usage pertains to rocket bipropellants, it is only recently that hypergolics have been established from our group as a revolutionary preparative method for the synthesis of different types of carbon nanostructures depending on the organic fuel-oxidizer pair. In an effort to further enrich this concept, the present work describes new hypergolic pairs based on 1,3-cyclohexadiene and 1,3-cyclooctadiene as the organic fuels and fuming nitric acid as the strong oxidizer. Both carbon-rich compounds (ca. 90% C) share a similar chemical structure with unsaturated cyclopentadiene that is also known to react hypergolically with fuming nitric acid. The particular pairs ignite spontaneously upon contact of the reagents at ambient conditions to produce carbon nanosheets in suitable yields and useful energy in the process. The nanosheets appear amorphous with an average thickness of ca. 2 nm and containing O and N heteroatoms in the carbon matrix. Worth noting, the carbon yield reaches the value of 25% for 1,3-cyclooctadiene, i.e., the highest reported so far from our group in this context. As far as the production of useful energy is concerned, the hot flame produced from ignition can be used for the direct thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate into Cr2O3 (pigment and catalyst) or the expansion of expandable graphite into foam (absorbent and insulator), thus demonstrating a mini flame-pyrolysis burner at the spot.

Rationally Tuning the Active Sites of Copper-Based Catalysts towards Formaldehyde Reforming into Hydrogen

Direct splitting of liquid organic fuels using a particulate catalyst is an effective way to produce hydrogen on a large scale. Here, we report a simple and reliable method for...

World development and global warming

The article considers the processes of world development - the systemic economic crisis and the factors that strengthen or hinder it. The analysis shows that the vectors of development have shifted significantly over the past 20 years. Conventional mathematical forecasting methods are becoming ineffective. In developed countries, measures to slow global warming contribute to positive development and recovery from the crisis, in developing countries, the reduction in the use of fossil organic fuels will lead to a slowdown in the pace of development.

Organic Power Generation and Utilization Using Anaerobic Digestion Process

Organic power is produced by using both solids and liquid organic materials like wastage of industries, agriculture fields, and other synthetic materials. In recent days, many developed countries have given incentives for the production of bio-fuel and injected into the natural gas grid. The existing anaerobic digestion plants are upgraded to produce organic power efficiently. The objective of this paper is to introduce an innovative energy system for consuming organic materials. The proposed system is an anaerobic digestion system that consists of a digestion process tank, water tank, temperature controller for the digestion process, and other accessories to complete that process. An anaerobic digestion plant is developed as a function of the percentage of the organic materials sent to the upgrading system and the amount of organic power produced. The end products of the proposed system are biogas, biomethane, carbon dioxide, and clean fertilizer. The optimized parameters are taken as ammonia CODp, sugar TAN, proteins TOC, and organic inserts NORg. Furthermore, the comparison of organic fuels is discussed with other energy fuels.