Control methods of plant pathogens in irrigation system

Eisa Nazerian; Sahar Sayad;  ;

doi:10.52547/pps.10.1.117

Fungi and Oomycetes in the Irrigation Water of Forest Nurseries

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11040459 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 459 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adas Marčiulynas ◽

Diana Marčiulynienė ◽

Jūratė Lynikienė ◽

Artūras Gedminas ◽

Miglė Vaičiukynė ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

High Quality ◽

Forest Nurseries ◽

Study Sites ◽

Microbial Samples

The aim of the present study was to assess fungal and oomycete communities in the irrigation water of forest nurseries, focusing on plant pathogens in the hope of getting a better understanding of potential pathogenic microorganisms and spreading routes in forest nurseries. The study sites were at Anykščiai, Dubrava, Kretinga and Trakai state forest nurseries in Lithuania. For the collection of microbial samples, at each nursery five 100-L water samples were collected from the irrigation ponds and filtered. Following DNA isolation from the irrigation water filtrate samples, these were individually amplified using ITS rDNA as a marker and subjected to PacBio high-throughput sequencing. Clustering in the SCATA pipeline and the taxonomic classification of 24,006 high-quality reads showed the presence of 1286 non-singleton taxa. Among those, 895 were representing fungi and oomycetes. The detected fungi were 57.3% Ascomycota, 38.1% Basidiomycota, 3.1% Chytridiomycota, 0.8% Mucoromycota and 0.7% Oomycota. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta E. Guého, J. Guillot & Midgley (20.1% of all high-quality fungal sequences), Pezizella discreta (P. Karst.) Dennis (10.8%) and Epicoccum nigrum Link (4.9%). The most common oomycetes were Phytopythium cf. citrinum (B. Paul) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque (0.4%), Phytophthora gallica T. Jung & J. Nechwatal (0.05%) and Peronospora sp. 4248_322 (0.05%). The results demonstrated that the irrigation water used by forest nurseries was inhabited by a species-rich but largely site-specific communities of fungi. Plant pathogens were relatively rare, but, under suitable conditions, these can develop rapidly, spread efficiently through the irrigation system and be a threat to the production of high-quality tree seedlings.

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Fluctuations of Phytophthora and Pythium spp. in Components of a Recycling Irrigation System

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1500 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (12) ◽

pp. 1500-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Bush ◽

Chuanxue Hong ◽

Erik L. Stromberg

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Management Practices ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Phytophthora Capsici ◽

Selective Media ◽

Irrigation Reservoir ◽

Phytophthora Spp ◽

Detection Technology ◽

Pollutant Discharge

Stringent standards of water quality have prompted many horticultural enterprises to limit pollutant discharge associated with nutrient and pesticide applications. Collecting and recycling effluent is a method that has been implemented by many operations to contain pollutants; however, plant pathogens may be spread through recycled effluent. In this study, Phytophthora and Pythium spp. present in a water-recycling irrigation system at a perennial container nursery in southwestern Virginia were characterized using filtering and baiting techniques with two selective media. Members of Phytophthora were identified to species, whereas Pythium spp. were identified to genus only. Pythium spp. were recovered more frequently and in greater numbers than Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora capsici, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, and P. nicotianae were recovered in filtering assays. Only P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri were identified from baits placed on the surface of the irrigation reservoir, whereas P. cactorum, P. capsici, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, and P. drechsleri were recovered at depths, specifically at 1 and 1.5 m. This research provides data for development of detection technology and management practices for plant pathogens in irrigation water and may lead to improvements in conventional assay protocols.

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Preplant Drip-applied Fumigation for Calla Lily Rhizome Nursery

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.16.2.0297 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 297-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

James S. Gerik ◽

Ian D. Greene ◽

Peter Beckman ◽

Clyde L. Elmore

Keyword(s):

Sodium Azide ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Field Trials ◽

High Rate ◽

Soilborne Pathogens ◽

Cyperus Esculentus ◽

Calla Lily ◽

Malva Parviflora ◽

Metham Sodium

Two field trials were conducted from 2002 until 2004 to evaluate several chemicals as alternatives to methyl bromide for the production of calla lily (Zantedeschia sp.) rhizomes. Various rates and chemical combinations were tested. The chemicals were applied through a drip irrigation system. The chemicals included iodomethane, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, metham, sodium furfural, and sodium azide. None of the treatments reduced the viability of seed of mallow (Malva parviflora) previously buried in the plots. Propagules of nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and seed of mustard (Brassica nigra) were controlled by iodomethane + chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, chloropicrin alone, 1,3-dichloropropene alone, and furfural + metham sodium. Propagules of calla were controlled by all of the treatments except sodium azide and furfural + metham sodium. In the first trial, all treatments reduced the populations of soilborne plant pathogens, including Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., and Fusarium oxysporum, except for sodium, which did not reduce the population of Phytophthora spp. In the second trial, all treatments controlled Pythium spp. but only a high rate of iodomethane + chloropicrin reduced the population of F. oxysporum. For all treatments, the incidence of disease caused by soilborne pathogens was reduced compared to the nontreated control. The number and value of harvested rhizomes were greater among all of the treatments, except for sodium azide, compared to the control. The harvested value of the crop for the best treatments increased significantly compared to the control. A successful crop of calla rhizomes can be produced by combinations of iodomethane, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and metham sodium.

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Operational safety management of the pumping installations of the pumping station of the machine irrigation system

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202021601157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 216 ◽

pp. 01157

Author(s):

Tolagan Kamalov ◽

Salihdjan Khalikov

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Probabilistic Analysis ◽

Safety Management ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Control Methods ◽

Safety Control ◽

Pumping Station ◽

Corrective Measures ◽

Operational Safety

The article presents the tasks of operational safety management of a pumping installation of a pumping station, control methods and an algorithm for operational safety control of a pumping installation, including: diagnostics, calculating the risk of a pumping installation, probabilistic analysis of pumping installation safety using a neural network and taking corrective measures.

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“Green” Water Treatment for the Green Industries: Opportunities for Biofiltration of Greenhouse and Nursery Irrigation Water and Runoff with Constructed Wetlands

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.690c ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 690c-690

Author(s):

R.D. Berghage

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Constructed Wetlands ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Green Water ◽

Organic Chemical ◽

Primary Concern

Constructed wetland biofilters have been widely used in recent years to provide secondary or tertiary water treatment, effectively reducing BOD, TSS, nitrate and ammonium, and some organic pollutants from municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste sources. The greenhouse and nursery industries, like all agricultural enterprises, have found themselves under increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate discharge of contaminated wastewater. In response, many greenhouse and nursery operators have installed, and are using, a variety of runoff containment and recirculating irrigation systems. While effective in reducing or eliminating wastewater discharge, these systems can become contaminated themselves and require treatment of the water before it can be reused in the irrigation system. Further, if the water should become contaminated and unusable, environmental discharge of this spent water from a recirculating irrigation system is perhaps even more problematic than simply allowing the excess irrigation water to be dumped in the first place. Potential contaminants in a recirculating irrigation system could include pesticide and other organic residues, excess fertilizer and non-fertilizer salts, and plant pathogens. The primary concern in greenhouse and nursery discharge wastewater is usually fertilizer salts, although pesticide and other organic chemical residues may also be of concern. Biological filtration using constructed wetlands may be a simple low-cost method for greenhouses and nurseries to treat these contaminants.

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Design and Implementation of a Knowledge-Based Nutrient Solution Irrigation System for Hydroponic Applications

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.11564 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 369-379

Author(s):

Chung-Liang Chang ◽

Guo-Fong Hong ◽

Wei-Lun Fu

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Solution ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Fuzzy Rule ◽

Labor Cost ◽

Graphic User Interface ◽

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Hydroponic Cultivation

Abstract. Hydroponics can allow crops to grow faster and can reduce plant pathogens. However, hydroponic systems have several disadvantages, of which the two most important are: (1) improper management or dramatic changes in the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the nutrient solution can harm the plant roots and affect the plant growth, and (2) system operators need to monitor the nutrient solution and replenish it regularly, thereby increasing the labor cost. Therefore, this study developed a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMs) based mixing system for hydroponic nutrient solutions based on fuzzy rule-based inference, which uses a micro-controller as the core and controls the output of five nutrient solution tanks to the mixing tank. The proposed system maintained an appropriate range of pH and EC in the mixing tank. Operators can view the changes in pH, EC, dissolved oxygen (DO), and other values in the nutrient solution on a graphic user interface. Moreover, operators can manually or automatically mix the nutrient solution. The system has been implemented in a hydroponic cultivation system, and the analysis results are discussed in this article. Keywords: Fuzzy logic, Hydroponics, Microcomputer.

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(69) Use of Hypochlorous Acid for Treatment of Greenhouse Irrigation Water

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1018e ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1018E-1019

Author(s):

Steven E. Newman

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Suspended Solids ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Reduction Potential ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Oxidation Reduction ◽

Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽

Flow Through

Scaling from dissolved and suspended solids in irrigation water reduces the efficiency of greenhouse irrigation systems. Water deposits inside pipes reduce water flow and deposits may reduce the flow through irrigation emitters, often clogging them. If not properly maintained, the clogging of emitters requires constant maintenance. This results in considerable labor expense and/or emitter replacement. Scaling inside irrigation system pipes also has the potential to harbor plant pathogens from the resulting biofilms. Oxcide, a novel hypochlorous acid (HOCl) compound, is produced electrochemically by removing sodium and hydroxide from sodium hypochlorite. The elimination of sodium hydroxide from the product creates a nontoxic oxidizer. A system to inject Oxcide into irrigation water at a commercial Colorado greenhouse was installed to maintain irrigation efficiency of emitters and irrigation lines during Winter 2003. The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) was monitored and visual evaluations of irrigation equipment in the Oxcide treated zones compared to those zones not treated with Oxcide was conducted. During January through March, geranium stock plants were irrigated with water that maintained ORP levels at around 600 mV. Visual ratings of the irrigation emitters revealed that the injection of Oxcide in the irrigation water did reduce the level of deposition. Deposition on the main feed lines was so thick that they hindered the complete closure of existing valves. Treatment of the irrigation water Oxcide injection for six months successfully removed of the scale and deposits from the water line.

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Freeze substitution fixation of fungal reproductive structures and spores

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156936 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 990-991

Author(s):

C. W. Mims ◽

E. A. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathogens ◽

Freeze Substitution ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Chemical Fixation ◽

Dialysis Membrane ◽

Razor Blade ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Reproductive Structures ◽

Dry Down ◽

Diamond Knife

The advantages of freeze substitution fixation over conventional chemical fixation for preservation of ultrastructural details in fungi have been discussed by various authors. As most ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes do not fix well using conventional chemical fixation protocols, freeze substitution has attracted the attention of many individuals interested in fungal ultrastructure. Thus far most workers using this technique on fungi have concentrated on thin walled somatic hyphae. However, in our laboratory we have experimented with the use of freeze substitution on a variety of fungal reproductive structures and spores with promising results.Here we present data on freeze substituted samples of sporangia of the zygomycete Umbellopsis vinacea, basidia of Exobasidium camelliae var. gracilis, developing teliospores of the smut Sporisorium sorghi, germinating teliospores of the rust Gymnosporangium clavipes, germinating conidia of the deuteromycete Cercosporidium personatum, and developing ascospores of Ascodesmis nigricans.Spores of G. clavipes and C. personatum were deposited on moist pieces of sterile dialysis membrane where they hydrated and germinated. Asci of A. nigricans developed on pieces of dialysis membrane lying on nutrient agar plates. U. vinacea was cultured on small pieces of agar-coated wire. In the plant pathogens E. camelliae var. gracilis and S. sorghi, a razor blade was used to remove smal1 pieces of infected host issue. All samples were plunged directly into liquid propane and processed for study according to Hoch.l Samples on dialysis membrane were flat embedded. Serial thin sections were cut using a diamond knife, collected on slot grids, and allowed to dry down onto Formvar coated aluminum racks. Sections were post stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

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