scholarly journals Fungi and Oomycetes in the Irrigation Water of Forest Nurseries

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adas Marčiulynas ◽  
Diana Marčiulynienė ◽  
Jūratė Lynikienė ◽  
Artūras Gedminas ◽  
Miglė Vaičiukynė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Microbial Samples

The aim of the present study was to assess fungal and oomycete communities in the irrigation water of forest nurseries, focusing on plant pathogens in the hope of getting a better understanding of potential pathogenic microorganisms and spreading routes in forest nurseries. The study sites were at Anykščiai, Dubrava, Kretinga and Trakai state forest nurseries in Lithuania. For the collection of microbial samples, at each nursery five 100-L water samples were collected from the irrigation ponds and filtered. Following DNA isolation from the irrigation water filtrate samples, these were individually amplified using ITS rDNA as a marker and subjected to PacBio high-throughput sequencing. Clustering in the SCATA pipeline and the taxonomic classification of 24,006 high-quality reads showed the presence of 1286 non-singleton taxa. Among those, 895 were representing fungi and oomycetes. The detected fungi were 57.3% Ascomycota, 38.1% Basidiomycota, 3.1% Chytridiomycota, 0.8% Mucoromycota and 0.7% Oomycota. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta E. Guého, J. Guillot & Midgley (20.1% of all high-quality fungal sequences), Pezizella discreta (P. Karst.) Dennis (10.8%) and Epicoccum nigrum Link (4.9%). The most common oomycetes were Phytopythium cf. citrinum (B. Paul) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque (0.4%), Phytophthora gallica T. Jung & J. Nechwatal (0.05%) and Peronospora sp. 4248_322 (0.05%). The results demonstrated that the irrigation water used by forest nurseries was inhabited by a species-rich but largely site-specific communities of fungi. Plant pathogens were relatively rare, but, under suitable conditions, these can develop rapidly, spread efficiently through the irrigation system and be a threat to the production of high-quality tree seedlings.

scholarly journals Eradication of Plant Pathogens in Forest Nursery Irrigation Water

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia da S. Machado ◽  
Acelino C. Alfenas ◽  
Marcelo M. Coutinho ◽  
Cláudio M. Silva ◽  
Ann H. Mounteer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Pathogen Removal ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Forest Nurseries

Interest in rational use and reuse of water has increased in recent years, especially in forest nurseries. However, before water can be reused in nurseries, it must be properly treated to eradicate plant pathogens to reduce risks of pathogen dispersal and losses to disease. In the present study, the efficacy of irrigation water treatment by ultrafiltration and conventional physical-chemical treatment was studied to eliminate Botrytis cinerea, Cylindrocladium candelabrum, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas axonopodis, the pathogens most commonly found in Brazilian forest nurseries. Ultrafiltration eradicated over 99% of R. solanacearum, X. axonopodis, and B. cinerea and 100% of C. candelabrum. The few remaining cells or conidia of R. solanacearum and B. cinerea did not induce disease in irrigated rooted cuttings. Flocculation and fast sand filtration used in physical-chemical treatment completely eliminated C. candelabrum but the other pathogens were only removed after chlorination of the filtered water. Both forms of treatment are viable, practical, and safe methods for plant pathogen removal from irrigation water.

scholarly journals “Green” Water Treatment for the Green Industries: Opportunities for Biofiltration of Greenhouse and Nursery Irrigation Water and Runoff with Constructed Wetlands

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 690c-690
Author(s):  
R.D. Berghage
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Primary Concern

Constructed wetland biofilters have been widely used in recent years to provide secondary or tertiary water treatment, effectively reducing BOD, TSS, nitrate and ammonium, and some organic pollutants from municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste sources. The greenhouse and nursery industries, like all agricultural enterprises, have found themselves under increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate discharge of contaminated wastewater. In response, many greenhouse and nursery operators have installed, and are using, a variety of runoff containment and recirculating irrigation systems. While effective in reducing or eliminating wastewater discharge, these systems can become contaminated themselves and require treatment of the water before it can be reused in the irrigation system. Further, if the water should become contaminated and unusable, environmental discharge of this spent water from a recirculating irrigation system is perhaps even more problematic than simply allowing the excess irrigation water to be dumped in the first place. Potential contaminants in a recirculating irrigation system could include pesticide and other organic residues, excess fertilizer and non-fertilizer salts, and plant pathogens. The primary concern in greenhouse and nursery discharge wastewater is usually fertilizer salts, although pesticide and other organic chemical residues may also be of concern. Biological filtration using constructed wetlands may be a simple low-cost method for greenhouses and nurseries to treat these contaminants.

scholarly journals (69) Use of Hypochlorous Acid for Treatment of Greenhouse Irrigation Water

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018E-1019
Author(s):  
Steven E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Flow Through

Scaling from dissolved and suspended solids in irrigation water reduces the efficiency of greenhouse irrigation systems. Water deposits inside pipes reduce water flow and deposits may reduce the flow through irrigation emitters, often clogging them. If not properly maintained, the clogging of emitters requires constant maintenance. This results in considerable labor expense and/or emitter replacement. Scaling inside irrigation system pipes also has the potential to harbor plant pathogens from the resulting biofilms. Oxcide, a novel hypochlorous acid (HOCl) compound, is produced electrochemically by removing sodium and hydroxide from sodium hypochlorite. The elimination of sodium hydroxide from the product creates a nontoxic oxidizer. A system to inject Oxcide into irrigation water at a commercial Colorado greenhouse was installed to maintain irrigation efficiency of emitters and irrigation lines during Winter 2003. The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) was monitored and visual evaluations of irrigation equipment in the Oxcide treated zones compared to those zones not treated with Oxcide was conducted. During January through March, geranium stock plants were irrigated with water that maintained ORP levels at around 600 mV. Visual ratings of the irrigation emitters revealed that the injection of Oxcide in the irrigation water did reduce the level of deposition. Deposition on the main feed lines was so thick that they hindered the complete closure of existing valves. Treatment of the irrigation water Oxcide injection for six months successfully removed of the scale and deposits from the water line.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Communication Campaign on Best Management Practice for Forest Nurseries

2010 ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Rotacio Gravoso ◽  
Nestor Gregorio ◽  
Annabelle Gerona ◽  
Jayson Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Best Management Practice ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Forest Nurseries

High quality tree seedlings are critical factors which determine the success of tree plantation projects. To produce high quality seedlings, nursery operators need to apply appropriate nursery management practices. However, tree seedlings produced by nursery operators in the Philippines are often of low quality, due in part to weak organization in the nursery sector and lack of skills in the application of nursery practices among nursery operators. The Q-seedling Project or Seedling Enhancement Project funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is being implemented in Leyte and Northern Mindanao to remedy this skills gap. The project includes a communication component to promote widespread adoption of best management practice in forest nurseries. Following the strategic communication approach, information dissemination activities in the project are based on the needs of the target users. Training workshops have been held on producing high quality seedlings. Also, communication materials have been developed for nursery operations, including a training guide, videos instructional posters on Q-seedling production technologies, and a jingle about Q-seedlings. This paper describes the design and use of these communication materials.

To the issue of water treatment by hydrocyclone on the systems of the combined irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Nikolay Dubenok ◽  
Andrey Novikov ◽  
Sergei Borodychev ◽  
Maria Lamskova
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Cylindrical Part ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Drain Pipe ◽  
Irrigation Network

At the stage of water treatment for irrigation systems, the efficiency capture coarse and fine mechanical impurities, as well as oil products and organic compounds affects the reliability of the equipment of the irrigation network and the safety of energy exchange processes in irrigated agricultural landscapes. The violation of work irrigation system can cause disruptions in irrigation schedules of agricultural crops, crop shortages, degradation phenomena on the soil and ecological tension. For the combined irrigation system, a water treatment unit has been developed, representing a hydrocyclone apparatus with a pipe filter in the case. For the capacity of 250 m3/h the main geometrical dimensions of hydrocyclone have been calculated. To organize the capture petroleum products and organic compounds, it has been proposed a modernization of a hydrocyclone unit, consisting in dividing the cylindrical part of the apparatus into two section. The first is section is for input irrigation water, the second one is for additional drainage of clarified irrigation water after sorption purification by the filter, placed on the disk and installed coaxially with the drain pipe and the pipe filter.

scholarly journals Fungal Diversity in the Phyllosphere of Pinus heldreichii H. Christ—An Endemic and High-Altitude Pine of the Mediterranean Region

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Lazarević ◽  
Audrius Menkis
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Pinus heldreichii is a high-altitude coniferous tree species naturaly occurring in small and disjuncted populations in the Balkans and southern Italy. The aim of this study was to assess diversity and composition of fungal communities in living needles of P. heldreichii specifically focusing on fungal pathogens. Sampling was carried out at six different sites in Montenegro, where 2-4 year-old living needles of P. heldreichii were collected. Following DNA isolation, it was amplified using ITS2 rDNA as a marker and subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Sequencing resulted in 31,831 high quality reads, which after assembly were found to represent 375 fungal taxa. The detected fungi were 295 (78.7%) Ascomycota, 79 (21.0%) Basidiomycota and 1 (0.2%) Mortierellomycotina. The most common fungi were Lophodermium pinastri (12.5% of all high-quality sequences), L. conigenum (10.9%), Sydowia polyspora (8.8%), Cyclaneusma niveum (5.5%), Unidentified sp. 2814_1 (5.4%) and Phaeosphaeria punctiformis (4.4%). The community composition varied among different sites, but in this respect two sites at higher altitudes (harsh growing conditions) were separated from three sites at lower altitudes (milder growing conditions), suggesting that environmental conditions were among major determinants of fungal communities associated with needles of P. heldreichii. Trees on one study site were attacked by bark beetles, leading to discolouration and frequent dieback of needles, thereby strongly affecting the fungal community structure. Among all functional groups of fungi, pathogens appeared to be an important component of fungal communities in the phyllosphere of P. heldreichii, especially in those trees under strong abiotic and biotic stress.

scholarly journals A method for simulating risk profiles of wheat yield in data-sparse conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
G. Bracho-Mujica ◽  
P.T. Hayman ◽  
V.O. Sadras ◽  
B. Ostendorf
Keyword(s):  
Reference Site ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Risk Profiles ◽  
Record Length ◽  
Daily Weather Data ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Process-based crop models are a robust approach to assess climate impacts on crop productivity and long-term viability of cropping systems. However, these models require high-quality climate data that cannot always be met. To overcome this issue, the current research tested a simple method for scaling daily data and extrapolating long-term risk profiles of modelled crop yields. An extreme situation was tested, in which high-quality weather data was only available at one single location (reference site: Snowtown, South Australia, 33.78°S, 138.21°E), and limited weather data was available for 49 study sites within the Australian grain belt (spanning from 26.67 to 38.02°S of latitude, and 115.44 to 151.85°E of longitude). Daily weather data were perturbed with a delta factor calculated as the difference between averaged climate data from the reference site and the study sites. Risk profiles were built using a step-wise combination of adjustments from the most simple (adjusted series of precipitation only) to the most detailed (adjusted series of precipitation, temperatures and solar radiation), and a variable record length (from 10 to 100 years). The simplest adjustment and shortest record length produced bias of modelled yield grain risk profiles between −10 and 10% in 41% of the sites, which increased to 86% of the study sites with the most detailed adjustment and longest record (100 years). Results indicate that the quality of the extrapolation of risk profiles was more sensitive to the number of adjustments applied rather than the record length per se.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Virulence of Pythium Species Obtained from Forest Nursery Soils on Douglas-Fir Seedlings

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 744-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry E. Weiland ◽  
Bryan R. Beck ◽  
Anne Davis
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
The United States ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Forest Nurseries

Pythium species are common soilborne oomycetes that occur in forest nursery soils throughout the United States. Numerous species have been described from nursery soils. However, with the exception of P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum, little is known about the potential for other Pythium species found in nursery soils to cause damping-off of tree seedlings. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of 44 Pythium isolates representing 16 species that were originally recovered from soil at three forest nurseries in Washington and Oregon. Seeds of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were planted into soil infested with each of the isolates. Seedling survival, the number of surviving seedlings with necrotic root lesions, and taproot length were evaluated 4 weeks later. Responses of Douglas-fir to inoculation varied significantly depending on Pythium species and isolate. Eight species (P. dissotocum, P. irregulare, P. aff. macrosporum, P. mamillatum, P. aff. oopapillum, P. rostratifingens, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum var. ultimum) significantly reduced the number of surviving seedlings compared to the noninoculated treatment. However, all Pythium species caused a greater percentage of seedlings to develop root lesions (total mean 40%) than was observed from noninoculated seedlings (17%). Taproot length varied little among Pythium treatments and was not a useful character for evaluating pathogenicity. Results confirm the ability of P. irregulare, P. mamillatum, and P. ultimum var. ultimum to cause damping-off of Douglas-fir seedlings, and are indicative that other species such as P. dissotocum, P. aff. macrosporum, P. aff. oopapillum, P. rostratifingens, and P. sylvaticum may also be responsible for seedling loss.

scholarly journals High-Quality Genome Resource of the Pathogen of Diaporthe (Phomopsis) phragmitis Causing Kiwifruit Soft Rot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Liu ◽  
Wang Xiaojie ◽  
Dong Hongjie ◽  
Jianbin Lan ◽  
Kuan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Plant ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
High Quality Genome

Diaporthe spp. are critical plant pathogens that cause wood cankers, wilt, dieback, and fruit rot in a wide variety of economic plant hosts and are regarded as one of the most acute threats faced by kiwifruit industry worldwide. Diaporthe phragmitis strain NJD1 is a highly pathogenic isolate of soft rot of kiwifruit. Here, we present a high-quality genome-wide sequence of D. phragmitis NJD1 that was assembled into 28 contigs containing a total size of 58.33 Mb and N50 length of 3.55 Mb. These results lay a solid foundation for understanding host–pathogen interaction and improving disease management strategies.

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