scholarly journals Preplant Drip-applied Fumigation for Calla Lily Rhizome Nursery

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Gerik ◽  
Ian D. Greene ◽  
Peter Beckman ◽  
Clyde L. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Calla Lily ◽  
Malva Parviflora ◽  
Metham Sodium

Two field trials were conducted from 2002 until 2004 to evaluate several chemicals as alternatives to methyl bromide for the production of calla lily (Zantedeschia sp.) rhizomes. Various rates and chemical combinations were tested. The chemicals were applied through a drip irrigation system. The chemicals included iodomethane, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, metham, sodium furfural, and sodium azide. None of the treatments reduced the viability of seed of mallow (Malva parviflora) previously buried in the plots. Propagules of nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and seed of mustard (Brassica nigra) were controlled by iodomethane + chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, chloropicrin alone, 1,3-dichloropropene alone, and furfural + metham sodium. Propagules of calla were controlled by all of the treatments except sodium azide and furfural + metham sodium. In the first trial, all treatments reduced the populations of soilborne plant pathogens, including Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., and Fusarium oxysporum, except for sodium, which did not reduce the population of Phytophthora spp. In the second trial, all treatments controlled Pythium spp. but only a high rate of iodomethane + chloropicrin reduced the population of F. oxysporum. For all treatments, the incidence of disease caused by soilborne pathogens was reduced compared to the nontreated control. The number and value of harvested rhizomes were greater among all of the treatments, except for sodium azide, compared to the control. The harvested value of the crop for the best treatments increased significantly compared to the control. A successful crop of calla rhizomes can be produced by combinations of iodomethane, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and metham sodium.

scholarly journals Drip-applied Soil Fumigation for Freesia Production

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 820-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Gerik
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Metham Sodium

Field trials were conducted to test fumigants as alternatives to methyl bromide (MB) for production of hybrid freesia (Freesia × hybrida). One trial compared rates of 1,3-dichloropropene (DP) combined with chloropicrin (CP); the second trial compared iodomethane (IM) together with CP, DP:CP, and furfural with and without metham sodium; and the third trial compared rates and formulations of IM:CP to the standard MB:CP treatments. Most treatments reduced populations of Pythium spp. and controlled weeds compared to the untreated controls. Formulations of IM:CP reduced the incidence of disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Treatments of IM:CP performed as well as MB:CP, and treatments of DP:CP performed as well as IM:CP. Presently only the DP, CP and metham sodium formulations are registered for use on ornamental crops. Registration of the IM formulations will improve the options available to cut flower growers for management of plant pathogens and weeds.

Sustainability of Rice Production at Baixo Mondego, Portugal

2022 ◽  
pp. 266-287
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima Lorena Oliveira ◽  
Sergio Oliveira ◽  
António Terrão Russo ◽  
kiril bahcevandziev ◽  
Ana Bela M. Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Production System ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Marketing Systems ◽  
Dry Soil

This chapter aims to analyze the rice production system at the Baixo Mondego Valley to understand the main concerns. Field research and field trials were carried out to analyze rice production, marketing systems, and different irrigation alternatives. An analysis on the worries was made, and a correlational attempt was done. The results show a production system oriented by agri-environmental policies. The problems related with rice irrigation are water scarcity, environmental impacts on water quality, agroecosystems, and methane emissions. To reduce water demand, the alternate wetting and drying flooding method, and the improvement of the precise land levelling were studied on the scope of MEDWATERICE Project. About 12-14% of water saving was observed, with impact on production lower than 3.5%, allowing period of 11-19 days of dry soil, expecting positive implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Innovation in the irrigation system may help to reduce some of the farmers' concerns and help to better adapt this crop to the new needs of agriculture in terms of environmental competitiveness.

scholarly journals Fungi and Oomycetes in the Irrigation Water of Forest Nurseries

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adas Marčiulynas ◽  
Diana Marčiulynienė ◽  
Jūratė Lynikienė ◽  
Artūras Gedminas ◽  
Miglė Vaičiukynė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Microbial Samples

The aim of the present study was to assess fungal and oomycete communities in the irrigation water of forest nurseries, focusing on plant pathogens in the hope of getting a better understanding of potential pathogenic microorganisms and spreading routes in forest nurseries. The study sites were at Anykščiai, Dubrava, Kretinga and Trakai state forest nurseries in Lithuania. For the collection of microbial samples, at each nursery five 100-L water samples were collected from the irrigation ponds and filtered. Following DNA isolation from the irrigation water filtrate samples, these were individually amplified using ITS rDNA as a marker and subjected to PacBio high-throughput sequencing. Clustering in the SCATA pipeline and the taxonomic classification of 24,006 high-quality reads showed the presence of 1286 non-singleton taxa. Among those, 895 were representing fungi and oomycetes. The detected fungi were 57.3% Ascomycota, 38.1% Basidiomycota, 3.1% Chytridiomycota, 0.8% Mucoromycota and 0.7% Oomycota. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta E. Guého, J. Guillot & Midgley (20.1% of all high-quality fungal sequences), Pezizella discreta (P. Karst.) Dennis (10.8%) and Epicoccum nigrum Link (4.9%). The most common oomycetes were Phytopythium cf. citrinum (B. Paul) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque (0.4%), Phytophthora gallica T. Jung & J. Nechwatal (0.05%) and Peronospora sp. 4248_322 (0.05%). The results demonstrated that the irrigation water used by forest nurseries was inhabited by a species-rich but largely site-specific communities of fungi. Plant pathogens were relatively rare, but, under suitable conditions, these can develop rapidly, spread efficiently through the irrigation system and be a threat to the production of high-quality tree seedlings.

Effect of glyphosate on the establishment, growth and nodulation of 14 pasture legume cultivars

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blowes ◽  
KJ Schmalzl ◽  
SM Jones
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Pasture Legume ◽  
Topsoil Layer

In field trials carried our in 1983 at Gama and Horsham (Victoria), Hart (South Australia) and York (Western Australia), the effect of two rates of glyphosate (0.54 and 1.08 kg/ha active ingredient), applied 1-8 days before sowing, on the establishment, growth and nodulation of four cultivars of subterranean clover and 10 medic cultivars was investigated. No significant adverse effects were observed on establishment, growth or nodulation even at the high rate (2x field rate) of glyphosate. The absence of any adverse effect was attributed to rapid absorption and inactivation of glyphosate in soil and possibly also the manner of seed placement below the glyphosate-treated topsoil layer.

scholarly journals Assessment of the potential of a reduced dose of dimethyl disulfide plus metham sodium on soilborne pests and cucumber growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangang Mao ◽  
Hongyun Jiang ◽  
Lan Zhang ◽  
Yanning Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Umair Sial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Dose Treatment ◽  
Reduced Dose ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Metham Sodium

AbstractMethyl bromide (MB), a dominant ozone-depleting substance, is scheduled to be completely phased out for soil fumigation by December 30th 2018, in China. The combined effects of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) plus metham sodium (MNa) were assessed in controlling soilborne pests for soil fumigation. A study was designed in laboratory for the evaluation of the efficacy of DMDS + MNa to control major soilborne pests. At the same time, two trials were conducted in cucumber field located in Tongzhou (in 2012) and Shunyi (in 2013), respectively, in order to assess the potential of DMDS + MNa in controlling soilborne pests. Laboratory studies disclosed positive synergistic effects of almost all four used combinations on Meloidogyne spp., Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp., Abutilon theophrasti and Digitaria sanguinalis. Field trials found that DMDS + MNa (30 + 21 g a. i. m−2), both at a 50% reduced dose, effectively suppressed Meloidogyne spp. with a low root galling index (2.1% and 11.7%), significantly reduced the levels of Phytophthora and Fusarium spp. with a low root disease index (7.5% and 15.8%), gave very high cucumber yields (6.75 kg m−2 and 10.03 kg m−2), and increased income for cucumber growers with the highest economic benefits (20.91 ¥ m−2 and 23.58 ¥ m−2). The combination treatment provided similar results as MB standard dose treatment (40 g a. i. m−2) or DMDS standard dose treatment (60 g a. i. m−2) in pest control and yield, but was more effective than MNa standard dose treatment (42 g a. i. m−2). Usage of all chemical treatments gave better significant results than the untreated group of control. Considering the economic benefits, the DMDS plus MNa combination (30 + 21 g a. i. m−2) could be used for soil fumigation in cucumber production in China.

scholarly journals Fungal Pathogens Affecting the Production and Quality of Medical Cannabis in Israel

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Shachar Jerushalmi ◽  
Marcel Maymon ◽  
Aviv Dombrovsky ◽  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Commercial Cultivation

The use of and research on medical cannabis (MC) is becoming more common, yet there are still many challenges regarding plant diseases of this crop. For example, there is a lack of formal and professional knowledge regarding fungi that infect MC plants, and practical and effective methods for managing the casual agents of disease are limited. The purpose of this study was to identify foliar, stem, and soilborne pathogens affecting MC under commercial cultivation in Israel. The predominant major foliage pathogens were identified as Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea, while the common stem and soilborne pathogens were identified as Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. Other important fungi that were isolated from foliage were those producing various mycotoxins that can directly harm patients, such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. The sampling and characterization of potential pathogenic fungi were conducted from infected MC plant parts that exhibited various disease symptoms. Koch postulates were conducted by inoculating healthy MC tissues and intact plants with fungi isolated from infected commercially cultivated symptomatic plants. In this study, we report on the major and most common plant pathogens of MC found in Israel, and determine the seasonal outbreak of each fungus.

scholarly journals Effect of Application Method and Rate on Residual Efficacy of Mefenoxam and Phosphorous Acid Fungicides in the Control of Pink Rot of Potato

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 997-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Taylor ◽  
Julie S. Pasche ◽  
Neil C. Gudmestad
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Challenge Inoculation ◽  
Pink Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Erythroseptica ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Tuber Rot ◽  
Commercial Field

Experiments were conducted to examine the effectiveness of rate and method of phosphorous acid application for controlling pink rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica. Replicated small-plot and replicated split commercial field trials were established in commercial production fields in Minnesota from 2006 to 2009. Fungicides were applied in-furrow at planting, or as one, two, or three foliar applications via ground sprayer, irrigation system (chemigation), or fixed-wing aircraft. Phosphorous acid efficacy was compared to mefenoxam, the fungicide commonly utilized to manage pink rot, either by determining natural infections in the field or by inoculating eyes of harvested tubers using a mefenoxam-sensitive and -resistant isolate of P. erythroseptica via postharvest challenge inoculation. In replicated small plot trials, both in-furrow and two foliar applications of mefenoxam controlled tuber rot in the field, and significantly controlled tuber rot in storage. Phosphorous acid also reduced tuber rot in the field when applied two or three times to the foliage. Although phosphorous acid was ineffective when applied in-furrow, one, two, and three foliar applications and a postharvest application of phosphorous acid controlled mefenoxam-sensitive and -resistant isolates of P. erythroseptica during storage for 187 days, while mefenoxam failed to control the resistant isolate. In replicated split commercial field trials, two aerial applications of phosphorous acid were as effective as three applications in reducing pink rot incidence in tubers inoculated postharvest. Three aerial applications were as effective as three chemigation applications in replicated split commercial field trials in 2008, but provided significantly greater protection than chemigation in 2009.

scholarly journals Fluctuations of Phytophthora and Pythium spp. in Components of a Recycling Irrigation System

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 1500-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Bush ◽  
Chuanxue Hong ◽  
Erik L. Stromberg
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Irrigation Reservoir ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Pollutant Discharge

Stringent standards of water quality have prompted many horticultural enterprises to limit pollutant discharge associated with nutrient and pesticide applications. Collecting and recycling effluent is a method that has been implemented by many operations to contain pollutants; however, plant pathogens may be spread through recycled effluent. In this study, Phytophthora and Pythium spp. present in a water-recycling irrigation system at a perennial container nursery in southwestern Virginia were characterized using filtering and baiting techniques with two selective media. Members of Phytophthora were identified to species, whereas Pythium spp. were identified to genus only. Pythium spp. were recovered more frequently and in greater numbers than Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora capsici, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, and P. nicotianae were recovered in filtering assays. Only P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri were identified from baits placed on the surface of the irrigation reservoir, whereas P. cactorum, P. capsici, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, and P. drechsleri were recovered at depths, specifically at 1 and 1.5 m. This research provides data for development of detection technology and management practices for plant pathogens in irrigation water and may lead to improvements in conventional assay protocols.

Control of Volunteer Horseradish and Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with Dicamba and Glyphosate

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 852-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Jenkins ◽  
Ronald F. Krausz ◽  
Joseph L. Matthews ◽  
Karla L. Gage ◽  
S. Alan Walters
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Management of volunteer horseradish is a challenge when it is grown in rotation with other crops, such as corn and soybean. Although volunteer horseradish may not cause yield loss, these plants serve as hosts for various soilborne pathogens that damage subsequent horseradish crops. In addition to volunteer horseradish, glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth is becoming difficult to control in southwestern Illinois, as a consequence of the plant’s ability to withstand glyphosate and drought, produce many seeds, and grow rapidly. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of glyphosate and dicamba on volunteer horseradish and Palmer amaranth control in 2014 and 2015. Glyphosate alone (1,265 and 1,893 g ae ha−1) and glyphosate plus dicamba at the high rate (1,680 g ae ha−1) provided the greatest volunteer horseradish control, ranging from 81% to 89% and 90% to 93%, respectively. Measures of root biomass reduction followed similar trends. Glyphosate alone provided the greatest reduction in volunteer horseradish root viability (79% to 100%) but was similar in efficacy to applications of glyphosate plus dicamba in most comparisons. Efficacy of PRE-only applications on Palmer amaranth control ranged from 92% to 99% control in 2014 and 68% to 99% in 2015. However, PRE-only applications were often similar in efficacy to PRE followed by (fb) glyphosate plus dicamba applied POST. Treatments containing flumioxazin did not control Palmer amaranth as well as other treatments. POST applications alone were not effective in managing Palmer amaranth. Many of the PRE fb POST treatment options tested will improve resistance management over PRE-only treatments, provide control of Palmer amaranth, and allow horseradish to be planted the following spring.

scholarly journals Soil fertility management in apple orchard with microbial biofertilizers

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 03020
Author(s):  
Andrei Kuzin ◽  
Alexei Solovchenko ◽  
Ludmila Stepantsova ◽  
Grigory Pugachev
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Azotobacter Chroococcum ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers

Intensification of horticulture in Russia involves planting of new high-density orchards with drip irrigation and fertigation as well as intensification of the exploitation of traditional orchards. This approach involves an increase in mineral fertilizer application imposing the risk of soil fertility loss. For several reasons, the use of traditional organic fertilizers like manure in orchards is currently marginal. Although bacteria-based biofertilizers cannot substitute mineral fertilizers completely, they can significantly reduce the need for mineral fertilizer application. The effect of microbial biofertilizers of the brands “Azotovit” (Azotobacter chroococcum), “Phosphatovit” (Bacillus mucilaginosus), as well as a mixture of bacteria and the fungus, “Organic” (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Trichoderma harzian) was studied in two field experiments. In the experiment #1, the preparations “Azotovit” and “Phosphatovit” were delivered through a drip irrigation system in various combinations with mineral fertilizers. In experiment #2, the preparation “Organic” was also applied to the soil with irrigation water, also in combination with the mineral fertilizer. When solely applied, none of the studied preparations changed significantly the soil nutrient content and yield as compared with the variant fertilized by the mineral fertilizer at the maximum studied application rate. The combination of the microbial biofertilizer and mineral fertilizers applied at a low rate ensured the yield commensurate to that obtained under high-rate application of the mineral fertilizer.

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