scholarly journals Sedimentation Rate Analysis in Dock C PT. Petrokimia Gresik, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Abiyani Choirul Huda ◽  
Rendatiyarso Laksono ◽  
Anggie V R Dewi ◽  
Rima G Harahap ◽  
Nurwati Nurwati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Current Pattern ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Sedimentation Volume ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
Mike 21

Dock C is one of the supporting facilities at PT. Petrokimia Gresik which functions as loading and unloading goods from ships to land and vice versa. Another benefit of the jetty is that it can significantly increase the company's production capacity. Dock C PT. Petrokimia Gresik. In the treatment of sedimentation in port it is necessary to analyze the current pattern and sedimentation rate early, because this is the first step to predict the amount of sedimentation contained in the port in a certain period of time. Several ways can be done to minimize the rate of sedimentation, one of which is the layout of Dock C to reduce the frequency of dredging. This study compares the sedimentation volume at the existing condition jetty and two alternative jetty that occur due to currents and waves, while modeling is done using Mike 21. The results of the existing jetty modeling show the sedimentation volume for 12 months was 20641.68 m3. Whereas the sedimentation volume from alternative jetty 1 and 2 produced for 12 months was 11293.56 m3 and 7426.2 m3. Modifications to the layout of the jetty provided were able to reduce the rate of sedimentation in Dock C, with the most optimal sedimentation volume for 12 months at 13215.48 m3

scholarly journals ULTRACENTRIFUGATION STUDIES ON THE ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINE VIRUS

1938 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Smadel ◽  
Edward G. Pickels ◽  
Theodore Shedlovsky
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Normal Rate ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Original Volume ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation

Ultracentrifugal studies of the CL dermal strain of vaccine virus warrant the following conclusions: 1. When suspended in increasing concentrations of sucrose, glycerol, or urea solutions, elementary bodies of vaccinia show variations in sedimentation rate which indicate changes in the density or size of the particles. For a given change in the density of the medium these changes are smallest with sucrose and most marked with urea. The normal rate of sedimentation of Paschen bodies may be restored by resuspending them in dilute buffer solution. 2. The density of elementary bodies of vaccinia suspended in dilute buffer solutions is estimated to be 1.16 gm. per cc. Higher values for the density are found if the particles are suspended in solutions containing sucrose, glycerol, or urea. In 53 per cent sucrose, for example, the density is 1.25 gm. per cc. 3. Paschen bodies appear to be quite permeable to water and urea, less so to glycerol, and only slightly, if at all, to sucrose. 4. The increased density of the elementary bodies of vaccinia in sucrose solutions may be accounted for by an osmotic extraction of water from the particles. On this basis the water which can be thus extracted corresponds to at least a third of the original volume of the particles.

scholarly journals Shear-Transformation Zone Activation during Loading and Unloading in Nanoindentation of Metallic Glasses

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina E. Avila ◽  
Stefan Küchemann ◽  
Iyad Alabd Alhafez ◽  
Herbert M. Urbassek
Keyword(s):  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
Shear Transformation ◽  
Shear Transformation Zones ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Activity Cluster

Using molecular dynamics simulation, we study nanoindentation in large samples of Cu–Zr glass at various temperatures between zero and the glass transition temperature. We find that besides the elastic modulus, the yielding point also strongly (by around 50%) decreases with increasing temperature; this behavior is in qualitative agreement with predictions of the cooperative shear model. Shear-transformation zones (STZs) show up in increasing sizes at low temperatures, leading to shear-band activity. Cluster analysis of the STZs exhibits a power-law behavior in the statistics of STZ sizes. We find strong plastic activity also during the unloading phase; it shows up both in the deactivation of previous plastic zones and the appearance of new zones, leading to the observation of pop-outs. The statistics of STZs occurring during unloading show that they operate in a similar nature as the STZs found during loading. For both cases, loading and unloading, we find the statistics of STZs to be related to directed percolation. Material hardness shows a weak strain-rate dependence, confirming previously reported experimental findings; the number of pop-ins is reduced at slower indentation rate. Analysis of the dependence of our simulation results on the quench rate applied during preparation of the glass shows only a minor effect on the properties of STZs.

scholarly journals Reservoir sedimentation regime analysis: case study of Kedungombo reservoir and Sermo reservoir

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Indri Rahmandhani Fitriana ◽  
Djoko Legono ◽  
Heriantono Waluyadi
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Reservoir Sedimentation ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Sedimentation Volume ◽  
Dead Storage ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Sedimentation Regime

The Kedungombo and the Sermo Reservoirs have problems in fulfilling basic services because of sedimentation. Sedimentation that occurs in each of the reservoirs would form a specific reservoir sedimentation pattern that is supposed to be similar because the hydrology and physiography conditions of the reservoir's catchment area are similar. This study aims to determine the dynamics of sedimentation patterns that occur in the dead storage for reviewing the characteristics/sedimentation regime of the two reservoirs. The analysis was carried out by processing bathymetrical data which were processed into a digital terrain model (DTM) using ArcGIS. Furthermore, the storage volume, sedimentation volume, storage percentage, and specific reservoir sedimentation rate are calculated. The results showed that the two reservoirs showed an increase in sedimentation volume each year so that the reservoir characteristic curve shifted from the plan graph. The dead storage capacity of Kedungombo Reservoir is 100% in 1989 to 43% in 2016 and 100% of Sermo Reservoir in 1997 to 58% in 2011. The specific reservoir sedimentation rate, i.e. 0.0031 and 0.0042 million m3/year/km2 for the Kedungombo Reservoir (between 1989 and 2016) and the Sermo Reservoir (between 1997 and 2011) respectively, indicating that the two reservoirs are in the same regime

scholarly journals Structure of active chromatin: higher-order folding of transcriptionally active chromatin in control and hypothyroid rat liver

1997 ◽  
Vol 322 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulbhushan TIKOO ◽  
Q. Anwar HAMID ◽  
Ziledar ALI
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Micrococcal Nuclease ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Active Chromatin ◽  
Nuclease Digestion ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
Cd Studies

Investigations have been carried out into the salt-induced higher-order folding in the transcriptionally active chromatin region of rat liver nuclei by nuclease digestion, sedimentation and CD. The sensitivity of active chromatin in nuclei to micrococcal nuclease was suppressed by raising the ionic strength from 25 to 90 mM, indicating the occurrence of salt-induced condensation. The rate of sedimentation of fractionated inactive chromatin fragments of both moderate (∼3.5 kbp) and large (∼8.8 kbp) size increased maximally to the same extent, while that of active chromatin fragments was dependent on their size. The rate of sedimentation of moderately sized active chromatin fragments (∼5.5 kbp) showed a maximal 15% increase at 90 mM ionic strength. In contrast, a large increase (at least 60%) in the sedimentation rate of large active chromatin fragments (∼21 kbp) was observed at 65 mM ionic strength. A reasonable degree of higher-order folding was observed in large active chromatin fragments even at 25 mM ionic strength. On considering the percentage increase in sedimentation rate as a measure of the higher-order folding of chromatin, a different type of higher-order folding was observed in active chromatin fragments. Although the percentage increase in sedimentation decreased from 40 to 24% with an increase in the size of active chromatin from ∼3 to ∼9 kbp, a further increase in size up to 16 kbp brought the percentage increase back to 40%. CD studies agreed with the conclusions drawn from sedimentation studies. Active chromatin from hypothyroid rats showed similar folding behaviour, but the order of folding was slightly lower than for control active chromatin, at all sizes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Aloe weloensis (Aloeacea) Mucilages as a Pharmaceutical Suspending Agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yohannes Mengesha ◽  
Abdu Tuha ◽  
Yimer Seid ◽  
Admassu Assen Adem
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Lower Flow ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Sedimentation Volume ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Suspending Agents

Natural polymers, specifically mucilages, have been used as a suspending agent for a long period of time. Natural excipients can serve as an alternative to synthetic products since they are less expensive, less toxic, and devoid of environmental pollution. There are many species of Aloe found in Ethiopia which can be used as a source of mucilage. In this study, mucilage from Aloe weloensis, which is found in Wollo floristic region, was extracted and tested as a suspending agent at different suspending agent concentrations and compared with standard suspending agents (acacia and sodium carboxy methylcellulose (NaCMC)) by formulating zinc oxide suspension. The mucilage obtained from Aloe weloensis leaves has shown comparable suspending agent ability with acacia. The rate of sedimentation and viscosity was higher at 1% and 4% mucilage concentrations than acacia though the difference was not significant ( p > 0.05 ). The suspension was slightly basic and easily dispersible than NaCMC. Suspensions formulated from NaCMC were superior in terms of viscosity and sedimentation volume which was significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) accompanied by lower flow rates than suspensions formulated from acacia and Aloe weloensis mucilages. The results suggested that Aloe weloensis mucilage could be used as an alternative suspending agent.

scholarly journals The Calculation Of Ngancar Batuwarna Reservoir, Wonogiri, Central Java

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Azura Ulfa ◽  
Slamet Suprayogi ◽  
Evi Mivtahul Khoirullah
Keyword(s):  
Volume Change ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Residual Life ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Effective Volume ◽  
Reservoir Capacity ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Sedimentation Volume

Evaluation of reservoir capacity is needed to find out how big the effective volume change of Ngancar Reservoir from the beginning of measurement until 2016. The purpose of this research is measuring volume of Ngancar Reservoir using bathymetry method with echosounder and calculating the remaining relative age of Ngancar Reservoir. Measurement topography of Ngancar Reservoir is done by bathymetry method of aquatic systematic random sampling method through certain path using echosounder. Analysis of reservoir capacity is done by calculating the volumes of Ngancar Reservoir and calculating the residual life of the reservoir relative. Fluctuation analysis of volume change was done by calculating the effective volume of reservoirs 1946-2016 and graphs. The calculation of the volume of the Ngancar Reservoir from the topographic map produces an effective volume value of 2016 is 1269905 m3 and the effective puddle area is 1393416 m2. An increase in sedimentation volume from 2011-2016 amounted to 296119.75 m3 with sedimentation rate was 59223.95 / year. With the assumption that the same landuse and sedimentation rate tend to be stable then the remaining age of Ngancar Reservoir is 21 years and 95 years old.

scholarly journals Preliminary evaluation of the suspending properties of Brachystegia eurycoma gum on metronidazole suspension

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 328-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael U Uhumwangho ◽  
Ikechukwu Louis Ileje
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Tragacanth Gum ◽  
Volume Viscosity ◽  
Sedimentation Volume ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Suspending Agents ◽  
Direct Proportionality ◽  
Dispersion Number

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suspending properties of Brachystegia eurycoma gum on metronidazole suspension. The suspending properties of Brachystegia eurycoma gum (family leguminosae) were evaluated comparatively with that of compound tragacanth powder at concentration range of 2.5 – 10.0%w/v in metronidazole suspension. The following parameters were determined; sedimentation volume (%), viscosity, pH and re-dispersion number. The values obtained were used as basis for comparison of the suspending agents studied. Brachystegia eurycoma and compound tragacanth gums had a pH range between 4.7 to 4.9 and between 3.9 to 4.1 respectively which indicates that they are slightly acidic. Particles suspended with tragacanth gum at concentration ? 7.5%w/w redispersed easily than those formulated with the Brachystegia eurycoma gum at ? 10% w/w. It was observed that with increase in concentration of the gum the viscosity of the suspension increased correspondingly. For instance, at concentration of 2.5%w/w viscosities of the suspensions are 490 poise (Brachystegia eurycoma gum) and 603 poise (compound tragacanth gum) while at concentrations of 7.5%w/w their viscosities were 914 poise (Brachystegia eurycoma gum) and 1709 poise (compound tragacanth gum). There was a direct proportionality between viscosity of the gums at different concentrations and the sedimentation rate of the suspensions, as the viscosity of the gum increases, the rate of sedimentation of the suspension decreases. Brachystegia eurycoma gum at predetermined concentration can be exploited as an alternative excipient in the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions of insoluble substances.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i11.20727 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, October 2014, 3(11): 328-330 

scholarly journals Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Oral Capsules and Suspension from the Ethanolic Extract of Cola nitida Seeds for the Treatment of Diarrhea

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fredrick W. A. Owusu ◽  
Christiana O. Asare ◽  
Philomena Enstie ◽  
Ofosua Adi-Dako ◽  
Genevieve Naana Yeboah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Drug Content ◽  
Sedimentation Volume ◽  
Vitro Release ◽  
Cola Nitida

Management of diarrhea has evolved over the years from relatively inadequate interventions in the early years to more successful physiological approaches. The use of herbal medicinal products and supplements has grown significantly over the past three decades, with more than half of the global population depending on it for some aspect of their primary health care needs. This study is aimed at formulating solid and liquid oral dosage forms of the ethanolic extract of Cola nitida seeds for the treatment of diarrhea. The flow property of the dried ethanolic extract was determined and subsequently formulated into granules for encapsulation. The ethanolic extract was also used in formulating an oral suspension. Pharmacopeia tests such as uniformity of weight, disintegration, drug content, and dissolution were carried out on the formulated capsules. The formulated suspension was also assessed using the following parameters; viscosity, flow rate, drug content, dissolution, sedimentation rate, and sedimentation volume. The dried ethanolic extract and formulated granules exhibited good flow properties. The formulated capsules exhibited optimal in vitro release of extract (>90% after 45 minutes) and passed the uniformity of weight, disintegration, and drug content tests. The formulated suspension also passed the drug content test and had a good sedimentation rate, sedimentation volume, and flow rate. The formulated suspension also exhibited pseudoplastic flow, optimal viscosity, and a good in vitro release profile (>90% after 45 minutes). Capsules and suspension of the ethanolic extract of Cola nitida seeds have been successfully formulated and can be used as standard dosage forms for the management of diarrhea.

scholarly journals Formulation and Pharmaceutical Assessment of Annona muricata Oral Capsules and Suspension as Antidiarrhea Dosage Forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Frederick William Akuffo Owusu ◽  
Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi ◽  
Philomena Entsie ◽  
Christina Osei-Asare ◽  
Ofosua Adi-Dako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Drug Content ◽  
Volume Viscosity ◽  
Sedimentation Volume

Annona muricata (Annonaceae) is a tropical plant widely known for its edible fruits. Recent scientific studies have confirmed the folkloric use of its seeds as an antidiarrheal agent. This study sought to formulate capsules and suspensions using the ethanolic extract from Annona muricata seeds. The dried ethanolic extract was formulated into granules and subsequently encapsulated. The suspension formulated was assessed for sedimentation rate, sedimentation volume, viscosity, dissolution, drug content, and flow rate, while pharmacopeia tests such as disintegration, dissolution, uniformity of weight, and drug content were carried out on the formulated capsules. The formulated suspension passed the drug content and in vitro release studies. Annona muricata suspension exhibited pseudoplastic flow with good sedimentation rate and sedimentation volume. The formulated capsules passed the in vitro dissolution studies, weight uniformity, disintegration, and drug content tests. The ethanolic extract of Annona muricata seeds was appropriately formulated into standardized solid and liquid oral dosage forms.

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