Effects of Remittances on Health Expenditure and Treatment Cost of International Migrant Households in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mainul Islam ◽  
Sayema Haque Bidisha ◽  
Israt Jahan ◽  
Md. Biplob Hossain ◽  
Tanveer Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Migrant Households ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Remarkable Progress

The Bangladesh economy is characterized by remarkable progress in international migration, resulting in a considerable inflow of remittance. Although many studies have attempted to study the effect of foreign remittances on household expenditure patterns, no effort has been made to critically analyze the effects and implications of migration and remittance flow on migrant households’ health expenditure. This article attempts to explore the effect of remittance on the health expenditure of remittance recipient households (RRHs) and the impact of the cost of treatment. Descriptive and regression analyses and standard micro-econometric techniques were applied by analyzing the nationally representative household data set of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010 of Bangladesh. Results show that RRHs are more likely to spend more on health matters and more likely to have higher treatment costs than non-recipient households. Thus, remittances are significantly associated with health expenditure and the cost of treatment. International migration seems to be a household strategy characterized by a high expected return.

scholarly journals RESPONS ANAK-ANAK MIGRAN TERHADAP MIGRASI INTERNASIONAL DI PERDESAAN PONOROGO

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Purwatiningsih
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Household Economy ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Family ◽  
Migrant Households ◽  
Work Abroad ◽  
The Impact

Children being left behind by their parents whose migrating are vulnerable to face social problems. Several studies noted the negative impact on migration on the children, but some positive impact on the household prosperity were gained as well. Even though it has the negative impact, international migration has an increasing tendency to become one of the efforts to boost the household economy. This article uses data from CHAMPSEA (Child Health and Migrant Parents in South East Asia) Study which underlined the importance to know the child’s condition as the impact of international migration phenomena towards the family they left behind. Study showed that children being left by migrated parents, especially fathers, gave more positive responses, but those being left by mothers or both of the parents gave more negative responses. Nevertheless, those children apparently had desire to do migration abroad just as their parents did. Apparently the surrounding of the migrants and the better economy of migrant households had in uenced the children to do migration and work abroad as well. 

scholarly journals A call for harmonization of European kidney care: dialysis reimbursement and distribution of kidney replacement therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 979-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan van der Tol ◽  
Vianda S Stel ◽  
Kitty J Jager ◽  
Norbert Lameire ◽  
Rachael L Morton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
Home Dialysis ◽  
Kidney Replacement Therapy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background We compare reimbursement for haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) in European countries to assess the impact on government healthcare budgets. We discuss strategies to reduce costs by promoting sustainable dialysis and kidney transplantation. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey among nephrologists conducted online July–December 2016. European countries were categorized by tertiles of gross domestic product per capita (GDP). Reimbursement data were matched to kidney replacement therapy (KRT) data. Results The prevalence per million population of patients being treated with long-term dialysis was not significantly different across tertiles of GDP (P = 0.22). The percentage of PD increased with GDP across tertiles (4.9, 8.2, 13.4%; P < 0.001). The HD-to-PD reimbursement ratio was higher in countries with the highest tertile of GDP (0.7, 1.0 versus 1.7; P = 0.007). Home HD was mainly reimbursed in countries with the highest tertile of GDP (15, 15 versus 69%; P = 0.005). The percentage of public health expenditure for reimbursement of dialysis decreased across tertiles of GDP (3.3, 1.5, 0.7%; P < 0.001). Transplantation as a proportion of all KRT increased across tertiles of GDP (18.5, 39.5, 56.0%; P < 0.001). Conclusions In Europe, dialysis has a disproportionately high impact on public health expenditure, especially in countries with a lower GDP. In these countries, the cost difference between PD and HD is smaller, and home dialysis and transplantation are less frequently provided than in countries with a higher GDP. In-depth evaluation and analysis of influential economic and political measures are needed to steer optimized reimbursement strategies for KRT.

Rank and File Employee Satisfaction and the Implied Cost of Equity Capital

2020 ◽  
pp. 0148558X2097194
Author(s):  
Jiajia Fu ◽  
Yuan Ji ◽  
Jiao Jing
Keyword(s):  
Employee Satisfaction ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Financing Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Market Benefits ◽  
The Impact

Rank and file employees execute firms’ daily operating activities, but prior research rarely examines their importance due to a lack of employee information. In this article, we use a novel data set—company reviews by rank and file employees—to provide evidence on the impact of employee satisfaction on a firm’s cost of equity capital. We find that firms with higher employee satisfaction have a lower cost of equity. Our results are robust to a variety of endogeneity tests and model specifications. We also find that the effect of employee satisfaction is more pronounced for firms with higher risk, greater financial constraints, and higher labor intensity or product market competition where labor is more critical to firm success. Further analysis shows that the negative association between employee satisfaction and the cost of equity is primarily grounded in reviews from current rather than former employees. Finally, we document that firms with high employee satisfaction experience lower systematic and idiosyncratic risk. Overall, our article presents novel evidence on the capital market benefits of higher employee satisfaction, particularly with regard to financing cost reduction.

scholarly journals How leverage can improve performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kmeťko ◽  
Eduard Hyránek
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
Risk Free Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Managed Portfolios ◽  
The Impact

One of the best-known Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAP/M) provides us with a methodology for measuring the relationship between the risk premium and the impact of leverage on expected returns. However, this model is not used only to value the cost of capital but also to evaluate the performance of managed portfolios. We will test how the expected return changes in percent by changing the debt-equity ratio and the tax rate based on following assumptions: market return 7%, risk-free rate of return 1% and beta 1.2. These assumptions will be constant and we will change the debt-equity ratio and tax rate. Based on these results, it is clear that the change in profitability varies, in relation to the change of the DE ratio by one tenth. As for changes I n tax rates, changes in expected profitability are not entirely in direct proportion to these changes.

scholarly journals MODELING THE IMPACTS OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICES ON CORRUPTION REDUCTION IN RWANDA: A CASE EVIDENCE FROM NYAMASHEKE DISTRICT, RWANDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mweruli Fidele Tubanambazi ◽  
Eric Ruvuna
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
Local Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Services Use

The study entitled modeling the impacts of e-government services on corruption reduction in Rwanda: Case evidence from Nyamasheke District, Rwanda was about assessing the contribution of e-government services use on reducing corruption in the area under study. The study was guided with the objective of exploring the utilization of multinomial logistic regression (MLR) in modeling the impact of e-government services on reduction status of corruption. In this regard, the MLR model was performed using a maximum likelihood estimation method on the data set collected to find the parameter estimates of the model describing the relationship between the explanatory and the outcome variables and determine the significance of the explanatory variables that contribute significantly to the reduction status of corruption in the area under study. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data from 381 respondents from the target population of 8041 using Solvin’s formula for sample size calculation. Data were collected using questionnaire and interview schedule techniques and analyzed using SPSS-23. In this analysis, the results show that on the total of eleven independent variables, the explanatory variables such as age, income, ownership of the devices used in applying for the local government services and the advice types were dropped from the training set of explanatory variables that contribute significantly to the reduction of corruption in the area under study. In model selection that overall fits well the data, the obtained variables that contributed significantly to the outcome variable were education, e-government services’ use status, cost of accessing e-government services and the e-government services types delivery. The parameters estimate of the selected model revealed that the variables that best predicted the probability of reducing corruption once the e-government services are delivered online were education, status of using e-government services, types of e-government services delivery online while the cost of accessing the e-government services decreased the logit (the probability) of reducing corruption. The main challenges faced by users of e-government services were the cost given while applying to these e-government services is high and lack of enough skills to cope with technological usage. Finally the study recommended that local leaders in the area under study should strengthen the online system in delivering local services to people, educate people to be aware about the use of e-government services since the more a person is educated the more is attempting to use e-government services and then reduce the cost of using e-government services while applying to the local services since this has been the only explanatory variable that decreased the logit of reducing corruption in the study area. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0790/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals Associations Between In-Hospital Mortality, Health Care Utilization, and Inpatient Costs With the 2011 Resident Duty Hour Revision

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaker M. Eid ◽  
Lucia Ponor ◽  
Darcy A. Reed ◽  
May A. Beydoun ◽  
Hind A. Beydoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Improve Patient Safety ◽  
National Level ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Background  The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has mandated revisions to residents' work hours to improve patient safety and enhance resident education and wellness. The impact on clinical outcomes on a national level is poorly understood. Objective  We examined data from before and after the ACGME 2011 duty hour revision and looked for differences between teaching and nonteaching US hospitals. Methods  A retrospective observational study of patients admitted to hospitals in the 2-year periods before and after the 2011 duty hour revision was conducted, utilizing a nationally representative data set. We compared patient and hospital characteristics using standardized differences. With nonteaching hospitals serving as the control group, we used multiple group interrupted time series segmented regression analysis to test for postrevision level and trend changes in mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs. Results  We examined more than 117 million hospitalizations. At teaching and nonteaching hospitals, trends in mortality and LOS in prerevision and postrevision periods were not significantly different (all P &gt; .05). A significant monthly reduction in cost per hospitalization was noted postrevision at teaching hospitals (P = .019) but not at nonteaching hospitals (P = .62). In the 2 years following the 2011 revision, there was a monthly reduction in cost per hospitalization (–$52.28; 95% confidence interval –$116.90 to –$12.32; P = .026) at teaching relative to nonteaching hospitals. Conclusions  There were no differences in mortality or LOS between teaching and nonteaching hospitals. However, there was a small decrease in cost per hospitalization at teaching hospitals following the 2011 revision.

scholarly journals Borders within Borders: The Impact of Occupational Licensing on Immigrant Incorporation

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-45
Author(s):  
Beth Redbird ◽  
Angel Alfonso Escamilla-García
Keyword(s):  
Financial Capital ◽  
Immigrant Incorporation ◽  
Immigrant Labor ◽  
Occupational Licensing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Occupational Regulation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Institutional Mechanism

Over the past four decades, occupational regulation, particularly licensing, which creates a legal right to practice, has engulfed the American occupational structure. Occupational licensure research typically offers theoretical arguments suggesting that licensing limits individuals’ entry into an occupation. For migrants arriving with little financial capital, licensing requirements can act as substantial barriers to occupational entry. On the other hand, licensing delineates, codifies, and publicizes uniform standards for occupational entry, which may have the effect of enhancing accessibility for immigrants. Using a unique longitudinal data set of occupational licensing enactments between 1994 and 2012, combined with nationally representative data from the Current Population Survey, the authors show that licensing creates institutional mechanism that can ease access into occupations for immigrants, particularly for vulnerable immigrant labor groups, particularly for (1) those arriving as adults after the acquisition of education credentials in their countries of origin and (2) those who recently entered the country and may lack the occupational social networks necessary to find and obtain jobs and the cultural capital to follow typical informal paths to entry.

Financial Incentives Dampen Altruism in Online Prosocial Contributions: A Study of Online Reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1361-1375
Author(s):  
Dandan Qiao ◽  
Shun-Yang Lee ◽  
Andrew B. Whinston ◽  
Qiang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Econometric Analyses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper uses a large Amazon review data set to examine the impact of financial incentives on prosocial contributions. The econometric analyses demonstrate a significant spillover effect, where product reviewers, after experiencing the receipt of financial incentives, tend to produce more positive but lower-quality unincentivized reviews subsequently. Theoretically, this paper advances our understanding of the interplay between financial incentives and prosocial behaviors through the lens of self-determination theory. Practically, this study provides insights into the design of online prosocial communities. Managers should not be enticed solely by an immediate increase in contribution quantity because the increased contribution volume might come at the cost of decreased quality in future unincentivized contributions. If platforms decide to provide financial incentives, they should target only altruistic contributors and limit the amount of incentives that an individual can receive. These findings provide important managerial implications for platforms hoping to motivate users’ prosocial contributions.

scholarly journals Counting the cost: COVID-19 school closures in South Africa and its impact on children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nic Spaull ◽  
Servaas Van der Berg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Pessimistic Scenario ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background: When the new coronavirus rapidly spread across the globe, the impact of the virus on children was still unclear, and closing schools seemed the responsible thing to do. But much has been learnt since about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the effects of lockdown and school closures, both in South Africa and internationally.Aim: It shows that the mortality risk of the virus is extremely small for children, even when assuming an extremely pessimistic scenario for total COVID-19 deaths.Setting: We review the evidence at a national level in South Africa using nationally-representative datasets.Methods: This article offers evidence drawn from nationally representative household surveys, school surveys and administrative datasets, as well as research reports.Results: International evidence predominantly shows that children are not important transmitters of this virus, which is different from the case for influenza, for example. We show that there are considerable costs to the lockdown for children. These relate to foregone leaning opportunities, mental health, nutrition and physical health.Conclusion: We show that re-opening the economy whilst keeping schools closed results in many unintended consequences, including that children are at higher risk of being left home alone. Considering all of this, we propose that all children should return to schools, crèches and early childhood development (ECD)centres without any further delay.

Quantitative assessment of the importance of dye switching and biological replication in cDNA microarray studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyu Liang ◽  
Amy G. Briggs ◽  
Elizabeth Rute ◽  
Andrew S. Greene ◽  
Allen W. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Cdna Microarray ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Microarray Experiments ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Biological Replication ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Microarray Studies ◽  
Labeling Method ◽  
The Impact

Dye switching and biological replication substantially increase the cost and the complexity of cDNA microarray studies. The objective of the present analysis was to quantitatively assess the importance of these procedures to provide a quantitative basis for decision-making in the design of microarray experiments. Taking advantage of the unique characteristics of a published data set, the impact of these procedures on the reliability of microarray results was calculated. Adding a second microarray with dye switching substantially increased the correlation coefficient between observed and predicted ln(ratio) values from 0.38 ± 0.06 to 0.62 ± 0.04 ( n = 12) and the outlier concordance from 21 ± 3% to 43 ± 4%. It also increased the correlation with the entire set of microarrays from 0.60 ± 0.04 to 0.79 ± 0.04 and the outlier concordance from 31 ± 6% to 58 ± 5% and tended to improve the correlation with Northern blot results. Adding a second microarray to include biological replication also improved the performance of these indices but often to a lesser degree. Inclusion of both procedures in the second microarray substantially improved the consistency with the entire set of microarrays but had minimal effect on the consistency with predicted results. Analysis of another data set generated using a different cDNA labeling method also supported a significant impact of dye switching. In conclusion, both dye switching and biological replication substantially increased the reliability of microarray results, with dye switching likely having even greater benefits. Recommendations regarding the use of these procedures were proposed.

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