Abundance and Diversity of Frugivorous Fruit Flies in Kandara, Murang’a County, Kenya

Fruits and vegetables are important source of livelihood to farmers and major horticulture sub sector with high contribution to agricultural GDP in Kenya. This study was conducted to determine diversity and abundance of frugivorous fruit flies in Kandara sub county, Murang’a County in 2018, at a place where first area of low pest population was created in Kenya for Bactrocera dorsalis. Three sets of pheromone traps (Methyl-Eugenol, Cuelure and Trimedlure) were set in six trap stations within farmers’ orchards in four agro-ecological zones (LH1 (Lower Highland Zone), UM1 (Upper Mid-land Zone), UM2, and UM3). The trap catch data was collected fortnightly and data analyzed. Six fruit flies species namely; Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis cosyra, Ceratitis capitata, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Dacus bivittatus and Perilampsis sp were identified. Bactrocera dorsalis population was significantly (P<.001) different across the four agro-ecologies with lowest densities at LH1 and highest at UM3. Likewise, C. capitata recorded significant (P=0.042) difference densities across the agro-ecological zones, but no significant (P=0.386) difference was recorded for C. cosyra across the agro-ecological zones. Further, there was significant (P=0.012) difference in the number of Perilampsis sp across the agro-ecologies with the highest number recorded in UM1. Both Z. cucurbitae (P=0.061) and D. bivittatus (P=0.056) had low abundance across the agro-ecologies. The peak infestation period differed across the various fruit fly species, whereby B. dorsalis peaked in May, C. capitata in February and C. cosyra in January. The study shows that abundance for the fruit flies is probably related to their preferred hostplant and the weather patterns. We recommend continuous monitoring and intensifying trapping activities during peak periods in order to control the pest and protect fruits from damage. Farmers should be trained on the use of pheromone traps to reduce over-reliance on pesticides. Key words: Agro-ecologies, Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis sp, fruit fly density, Pheromone

Download Full-text

Efficiency of Food-Based Attractants for Monitoring Tephritid Fruit Flies Diversity and Abundance in Mango Systems Across Three West African Agro-Ecological Zones

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toz338 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 113 (2) ◽

pp. 860-871

Author(s):

Rachid Hanna ◽

Désiré Gnanvossou ◽

Georg Goergen ◽

Aimé H Bokonon-Ganta ◽

Samira A Mohamed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Efficiency ◽

Native Species ◽

Rank Order ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Torula Yeast ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies ◽

Agro Ecological Zones

Abstract Food baits are effective and widely used tools for monitoring diversity and abundance of tephritid fruit flies. Four food-baits—Nulure, BioLure, Mazoferm at 3 and 6%, and Torula yeast—were used in multi-lure traps over a 4-yr period in mango orchards in three Benin agro-ecological zones (AEZ) representing a large swath of environments in western Africa. Twelve tephritid fruit fly species were captured during the trials, with the highest richness in the Forest Savannah Mosaic (FSM), followed by the Southern Guinea Savannah (SGS), and the Northern Guinea Savannah (NGS) AEZ. Despite previous reports of displacement, the native species Ceratitis cosyra remained the dominant tephritid species in mango orchards in the NGS, with the invasive and exotic species Bactrocera dorsalis dominating the tephritid fauna in the SGS and FSM. Torula yeast captured the greatest number of fruit flies in each AEZ. Mazoferm-3% captures were similar to Torula yeast, except for lower captures in the NGS where it tended to harden. The rank order of relative efficiency indices (REI) of the food baits (relative to Torula yeast) is Mazoferm-3% > Nulure > Mazoferm-6% and BioLure. The latter captured more Ceratitis spp. than all the other baits, particularly at very low Ceratitis spp. abundance. To our knowledge, the study is the first to report relative efficiency indices for the selection of food baits in monitoring diversity and abundance of fruit flies. Ecological and practical implications for the use of food baits in comparison with male lures are discussed.

Download Full-text

Effectiveness of Selected Parapheromones for Mass Trapping of Mango Fruit Fly, Ceratitis cosyra Walker and Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Mango

Nigeria Journal of Entomology ◽

10.36108/nje/0202/63.01.41 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 118-129

Author(s):

C. Ebi

Keyword(s):

Mangifera Indica ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Methyl Eugenol ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Special Focus ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Male Annihilation ◽

Ceratitis Cosyra

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop in Nigeria. It is a source of essential vitamins and is also cultivated for its nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses. Fruit flies infest various commercial fruit crops and cause economic damage. Mass trapping and male annihilation technique (MAT) has been the most useful and common means of controlling fruit flies with special focus on Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes. The study evaluated the effectiveness of four types of parapheromones namely, methyl eugenol (liquid and solid forms), cuelure, terpinyl acetate and trimedlure for mass trapping of fruit flies on Mango. Modified Lynfield traps containing the parapheromones were randomly set on the mango orchards in three replicates in Nigeria Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT) orchard, Okigwe, Imo state, Southeast Nigeria. This study was conducted during the mango fruiting period of 2019 season, when the density of fruit flies peaked. Effect of parapheromones on mean number of damaged dropped fruits was also evaluated. The mean population of B. dorsalis and Ceratitis cosyra was significantly higher (P>0.05) in liquid methyl eugenol traps when compared to other parapheromones. Bactrocera dorsalis recorded more than 90% of the fruit flies that were trapped especially in the first 3 weeks of trapping. In orchard I, Liquid methyl eugenol significantly (P<0.05) trapped highest number of B. dorsalis (270.20) in week I and similar trends were observed in orchard II. There was steady decline in damaged dropped mango fruits as the study progressed (Fig. 1 and 2). Use of liquid methyl eugenol was most effective in trapping B. dorsalis and C. cosyra, and it can be incorporated in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes for the control of fruit flies.

Download Full-text

Impact of abiotic factors on population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) at different ecological zones in NW Plains of India

Journal of Agrometeorology ◽

10.54386/jam.v22i3.186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 250-257

Author(s):

REENA ◽

AMANDEEP KAUR ◽

MAHENDER SINGH ◽

BHAV KUMAR SINHA ◽

ANIL KUMAR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

North West ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Bactrocera Zonata ◽

Trap Catches

In India, fruit flies have been identified as one of the ten most serious problems of agriculture because of their polyphagous nature and the huge economic loss it causes to the fruits and vegetables (2.5 to 100%). Study was carried to determine the population dynamics of fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata) and establish the correlation with abiotic factors in guava and citrus fruits crops in two agro ecological zones of North West India. Fruit flies population was recorded by installation of pheromone traps in different fruit crop ecosystems during the fruiting season of this zone. The data of trap catches of both the locations was correlated with the significantly influencing abiotic parameters. The peak fruit fly incidence varied between 31st to 34th standard weeks in guava ecosystem at both the locations. In citrus ecosystem, the incidence was highest during 35th and 39th standard weeks coinciding with the ripening of the fruits. At both the locations, trap catches of guava ecosystem were positively correlated with all the weather parameters, while under citrus ecosystem minimum temperature and rainfall showed negative correlation, but relative humidity was positively correlated. Information may be utilized in targeting suitable pest management techniques for respective zones.

Download Full-text

Fluktuasi Populasi Lalat Buah Bactrocera spp. (Diptera : Tephritidae) pada Pertanaman Cabai Merah (Capsicum Annuum) di Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat

Agrikultura ◽

10.24198/agrikultura.v28i3.15747 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Agus Susanto ◽

Yadi Supriyadi ◽

Tohidin Tohidin ◽

Nenet Susniahti ◽

Vickri Hafizh

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Host Plants ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Survey Method ◽

Biotic Factors ◽

Rainy Days

ABSTRACTFluctuation population of fruit flies Batrocera spp. (Dipthera: Tephritidae) on chilli (Capsicum annuum) plantation areas in Bandung Regency, West JavaFruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) are destructive pest that cause damages to horticulture commodities such as fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this study was to investigate fluctuation population of fruit flies in relation to abiotic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days, and biotic factors, such as host phenology and natural enemies. The field experiment was conducted in Pulosari Village, Pangalengan, Bandung. This research used survey method by placing 20 fruit flies traps on host plants, in which 10 traps were being placed in the outside and the others were being placed in the inside within 10 meters distance per trap. Trapped flies were collected and their population was counted in every week. The results revealed that abiotitic factors (temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days) have non significant influence indicated by the regression analysis of each temperature (Y=-101.2+2298.7x; R2=0.253; P>0.05), rainfall (Y= 0.143+154.4x; R2 = 0.004; P> 0.05), and the number of rainy days (Y= 6.607+140.51x; R2 = 0.015; P>0.05). Meanwhile, fruit fly with the dominant population was Bactocera dorsalis which was included into sibling species of Bactrocera dorsalis Complex with number of population was 93% from specimen sample.Keywords: Fluctuation population, fruit flies, Batrocera dorsalis Complex, ChilliABSTRAKLalat buah (Bactrocera spp.) merupakan hama penting yang menyerang tanaman hortikultura baik buah-buahan ataupun sayuran buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi fluktuasi populasi lalat buah pada pertanaman cabai merah terhadap faktor abiotik berupa suhu, curah hujan, jumlah hari hujan dan faktor biotik berupa fenologi tanaman inang dan musuh alami. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan di Desa Pulosari, Kecamatan Pangalengan Kabupaten Bandung. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan metode survei dengan memasang perangkap lalat buah pada lahan pertanaman cabai merah sebanyak 20 perangkap dengan 10 perangkap bagian luar dan 10 perangkap bagian dalam dengan jarak antar perangkap 10 meter. Hasil tangkapan dikumpulkan dan dihitung populasi lalat buah yang terperangkap setiap minggunya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan faktor abiotik (suhu, curah hujan, jumlah hari hujan) tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan ditunjukan dengan analisis regresi masing-masing pada suhu ( Y= -101,2+ 2298,7x ; R2=0,253; P > 0,05), Curah hujan (Y= 0,143 + 154,4x ; R2= 0,004 ; P > 0,05), dan Jumlah hari hujan (Y= 6,607 + 140,51x ; R2=0,015 ; P > 0,05) Sedangkan lalat buah yang memiliki populasi paling dominan adalah Bactrocera dorsalis yang termasuk sibling dari spesies Bactrocera dorsalis Kompleks dengan jumlah populasi sebanyak 93% dari sampel spesimen.Kata kunci : Fluktuasi populasi, Lalat buah, Bactrocera dorsalis Kompleks, Cabai merah

Download Full-text

Fruit fly surveillance in Togo (West Africa): state of diversity and prevalence of species

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1007/s42690-021-00504-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Komina Amevoin ◽

L. K. Agboyi ◽

M. Gomina ◽

K. Kounoutchi ◽

K. H. Bassimbako ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Fly ◽

Common Species ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Future Evaluation ◽

Very High ◽

Ceratitis Fasciventris

AbstractThe production and marketing of fruits, especially mango, in sub-Saharan Africa are threatened by fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). This baseline study analysed the biodiversity of fruit fly species, in mango orchards, in different ecological zones of Togo. Traps used to monitor the flies in the orchards consisted of dry baits, made from four types of parapheromones specific to the males of different species. Forty species of fruit flies were identified in the mango orchards in Togo. The most common species were Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), Ceratitis fasciventris (Bezzi), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Ceratitis bremii Guérin-Méneville, Dacus bivittatus (Bigot), Dacus humeralis (Bezzi), Dacus punctatifrons Karsch and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett). The invasive B. dorsalis and the endogenous species, C. cosyra were dominant in the mango producing areas of Togo because their prevalence were very high (B. dorsalis: 2.1 ≤ flies per trap per day (FTD) ≤ 472.2; C. cosyra: 0.34 ≤ FTD ≤ 97.28). There was no area free from fruit flies in Togo during the study. These results constitute an essential reference in the future evaluation of the effectiveness of any control activities initiated in Togo against fruit flies.

Download Full-text

Microbial Carriage and Contamination of Mangoes by the Oriental Fruit Fly

The Open Public Health Journal ◽

10.2174/1874944501710010267 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 267-275

Author(s):

Godfred Futagbi ◽

Nana Akosua Gyamfuah Koduah ◽

Benyarku Richard Ampah ◽

Precious Agbeko Dzorgbe Mattah ◽

Maxwell Billah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Direct Role ◽

Fly Control

Background: Fruit flies, especially of the Family Terphritidae, are economically important pests for the horticulture industry because many species cause serious mechanical damage to a number of crops of different plant families. Studies have shown that some species of fruit flies have the potential to contaminate fruits and vegetables with enteric bacterial pathogens. However, this has not been conclusively demonstrated. Methods: In this study, we investigated enteric bacteria carriage by Bactrocera dorsalis and its possible role in transmission of microbes into internal tissues of fruits. Fruit flies trapped using liquid protein bait, ripe mango fruits exposed to the fruit flies and controls, as well as mangoes obtained from farms with and without fly-control traps, were analyzed for microbes, such as total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, yeast and molds, Escherichia coli and Salmonella/Shigella spp. using direct culture methods. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that a high percentage of these insects carries pathogenic bacteria. This finding shows that, like B. cacuminata and B. tryoni, B. dorsalis also carries pathogenic microbes. It was also observed that mangoes sampled from fly-control farms had significantly lower microbial loads and proportions of fruits contaminated compared to those from farms without fly-control. Additionally, all microbial counts of internal tissues were significantly higher for exposed mangoes compared to unexposed mangoes. These data indicate that B. dorsalis contaminates not only the external but also internal tissues of mangoes. Conclusion: These findings show that B. dorsalis carries pathogenic bacteria and plays a direct role in internalization of microbes in mangoes.

Download Full-text

Survey of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) from 23 Species of Fruits Collected in Sleman, Yogyakarta

Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia ◽

10.22146/jpti.57634 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Valentina E. F. Aryuwandari ◽

Y. Andi Trisyono ◽

Suputa Suputa ◽

Stefano De Faveri ◽

Shanmugam Vijaysegaran

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Specific Area ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Management Program ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Malpighia Emarginata ◽

New Hosts

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major pests of fruits and vegetables in many countries, including Indonesia. Knowledge of the fruit fly host range in a specific area is an important part of the area-wide pest management program to reduce the pest problem. The aim of this study was to extend and update the information on the host range of fruit flies in the Regency of Sleman, Yogyakarta. This area is one of the centers of fruit production, particularly snake fruit in Indonesia. Fruit sampling was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020 in four sub-districts in Sleman consisting of different types of agro-ecosystems. Fruit rearing was carried out in the laboratory followed by identification of the fruit and fruit flies that emerged to species level. From the 23 species of fruits belonging to 14 different families that were collected, the following 6 species of fruit flies emerged: Bactrocera dorsalis, B. carambolae, B. umbrosa, B. albistrigata, B. mcgregori, and Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Bactrocera dorsalis and B. carambolae utilized the widest range of hosts, 12 and 11 species of fruits, respectively. Syzygium cumini, Malpighia emarginata, and Phaleria macrocarpa were recorded for the first time as new hosts of B. carambolae in Indonesia. Additional data of B. dorsalis and B. carambolae infesting salak cv. pondoh is also reported.

Download Full-text

Host Suitability Index for Polyphagous Tephritid Fruit Flies

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toab035 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter A Follett ◽

Fay E M Haynes ◽

Bernard C Dominiak

Keyword(s):

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Production ◽

General Purpose ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Host Suitability ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Infestation Rate ◽

Suitability Index ◽

Host Status ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are major economic pests for fruit production and are an impediment to international trade. Different host fruits are known to vary in their suitability for fruit flies to complete their life cycle. Currently, international regulatory standards that define the likely legal host status for tephritid fruit flies categorize fruits as a natural host, a conditional host, or a nonhost. For those fruits that are natural or conditional hosts, infestation rate can vary as a spectrum ranging from highly attractive fruits supporting large numbers of fruit flies to very poor hosts supporting low numbers. Here, we propose a Host Suitability Index (HSI), which divides the host status of natural and conditional hosts into five categories based on the log infestation rate (number of flies per kilogram of fruit) ranging from very poor (<0.1), poor (0.1–1.0), moderately good (1.0–10.0), good (10–100), and very good (>100). Infestation rates may be determined by field sampling or cage infestation studies. We illustrate the concept of this index using 21 papers that examine the host status of fruits in five species of polyphagous fruit flies in the Pacific region: Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This general-purpose index may be useful in developing systems approaches that rely on poor host status, for determining surveillance and detection protocols for potential incursions, and to guide the appropriate regulatory response during fruit fly outbreaks.

Download Full-text

Non-host status of papaya cultivars to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in relation to the degree of fruit ripeness

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758416000242 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (01) ◽

pp. 19-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Domingos Cugala ◽

João Jone Jordane ◽

Sunday Ekesi

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Market Access ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Laboratory Evaluation ◽

Ripening Stage ◽

Field Cage ◽

Major Barrier ◽

Ripening Stages

AbstractPhytosanitary measures are a major barrier to trade in papaya. We assessed the infestation of tephritid fruit flies on different stages of maturity of papaya, to determine its non-host stage of maturity, for market access. Papaya fruits were collected from Kilifi and Embu counties, Kenya from March 2013 to December 2014, to assess the level of infestation by fruit flies according to the degree of fruit ripening. In all locations, no fruit fly infestation was recorded on papaya when fruits were at the 0, 25 and 50% yellow fruit ripening stage.Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) was, however, observed attacking fruits when papaya fruits were at 75 and 100% all yellow (fully ripe fruit ripening stage) with infestations of 0.19−0.51B. dorsalis/kg fruit and 0.24−1.24B. dorsalis/kg fruit, respectively, in all locations. Field cage exposure ofB. dorsalisto fruits of five papaya cultivars—‘Papino’, ‘Neo Essence’, ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Tainung No. 1’ and ‘Tainung No. 2’ in Manica Province, Mozambique—showed thatB. dorsalisdid not infest fruits at 0, 25 and 50% yellow ripening stages at the densities of 50 and 100 flies per cage. However, at 75% yellow ripening stage, up to 13.1 pupae/kg of fruits was recorded at a density of 150 flies per cage in Tainung No. 1, and infestation ranged from 4.5 to 136 pupae/kg fruits at 100% yellow ripening stage across all the cultivars and infestation densities. Laboratory evaluation of volatiles emanating from freshly crushed papaya pulp of four cultivars: ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Red Lady’, ‘Papayi’ and ‘Apoyo’ on egg viability ofB. dorsalisshowed that at 0, 25 and 50% yellow, egg hatchability was inhibited, suggesting that semiochemical compounds present in green tissues of papaya prevent egg development, although this effect was variable across the four cultivars and ripening stages. Export papaya is harvested at less than 40% yellow ripening stage. Our results, therefore, suggest that quarantine treatment for fruits at this ripening stage is inconsequential, asB. dorsalisdoes not infest papaya fruits at this stage; thus, authorities should permit entry of these papaya cultivars of less than 40% yellow ripening stage to quarantine-sensitive markets.

Download Full-text

Field response of three Tephritid fruit flies to three food-based attractants and suppression of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) using Mazoferm–Spinosad in guava ecosystem in Sudan

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1141817/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud ◽

Mohammed ◽

Fathya M. Khamis and ◽

Sunday Ekesi ◽

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Torula Yeast ◽

Bactrocera Zonata ◽

Male Annihilation ◽

Environmentally Friendly Approach ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera are the most damaging pests of horticultural crops, leading to severe economic losses hindered exportation. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) were reported in Sudan in 2005 and 2011 respectively affecting most of the fruits and vegetables in Sudan threatening income of poor farmers. Only Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) is applied in Sudan to manage the two Bactrocera species. A filed experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of B. dorsalis, B. zonata and Zeugodacus cucurbitae to three food-based attractants using McPhail traps in two sites in Gezira state, Sudan. Also, other trial was undertaken to determine the effect of spray of Mazoferm and Spinosad combination to control B. zonata. The results showed that food-based attractants lured both sexes of the above mentioned fruit flies and females represented (55-86%). At the first site, B. zonata responded in high numbers to Mazoferm followed by Torula yeast and GF-120 respectively while it responded equally to the Mazoferm and Torula yeast in the second site. B. dorsalis responded positively to Mazoferm followed by Torula yeast and GF-120 while Z. cucurbitae was attracted to Mazoferm, GF-120 and Torula for each attractant respectively. Spray of Mazoferm combined with Spinosad significantly reduced population of B. zonata (FTD) population and suppressed infestation level of guava fruits (fruit flies/Kg of fruits) when compared to unsprayed orchard. Bait Application Technique is an environmentally friendly approach that reduces infestation levels, lessen contamination and safeguard produce.

Download Full-text