scholarly journals Efficiency of Vierendeel Girder, Post-tensioned Girders and Steel Beams for Long Cantilevers in Buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
M. Faisal Fadlelbari
Keyword(s):  
Composite Beam ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Cantilever Length ◽  
Steel Composite ◽  
Post Tension ◽  
Structural Engineers ◽  
Economical Choice ◽  
Post Tensioned

Cantilevers are a part of our life, they are everywhere: bridg–es, building’s balconies, traffic signs, car parking shades even the aircraft’s wings. The long cantilevers of the buildings always present as a big challenge to structural engineers in their practice life. The structural behavior of these cantilevers depends on a several factors, such as rigidity of the slab, rigidity of columns or walls, span continuity... etc. But the real dilemma lies in the economical choice. This paper focused on the cantilever’s structural analysis according to the used structural. Moreover, it shows a comparison between three structural system choices: Vierendeel Girder, Post - Tensioned Girders and Steel Composite Beam in a graph. The objective of this paper is to give a guideline to the structural engineers to choose the optimum system of the building cantilevers according to the factors mentioned earlier. At the end, the paper illustrated the Vierendeel girder is the most efficient system for cantilevers. Accordingly, recommendations result on that up to 4.0 m cantilever length steel beams will be enough, for more than 4.0 and less than or equal to 6.0 m post-tension is recommended, and for more than 6.0 m cantilever we should use Vierendeel girder.  

Experimental assessment of the shear strength of an asymmetric steel composite beam with web openings

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young K Ju ◽  
Do-Hyun Kim ◽  
Sang-Dae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Composite Beam ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Shear Capacity ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Web Openings ◽  
Wide Beam ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Beam Shear ◽  
Steel Composite

The number of high-rise buildings has greatly increased in Korea, and storey height is a significant component of tall residential buildings due to the limited city area. To reduce storey height, the wide beam has been adopted in some projects in Seoul such as Trump World, Galleria Palace, and Richencia. The joints between the wide beam and the core wall were too narrow to place the reinforcement, however. This paper investigates a newly developed structural system called the innovative, technical, economical, and convenient hybrid system (iTECH system). The iTECH system has an asymmetric steel assembly with web openings, where the top plate is welded on top of inverted structural "tees" whose cut is referred to as a "honeycomb" type. Both sides of the web and the slab are filled with cast-in-place concrete. The shear capacity was experimentally evaluated and verified, with parameters determined by factors that shared the shear strength of the iTECH beam. The steel web, inner concrete panel, and outer concrete panel contributed to the shear strength of the iTECH beam. The shear stirrup did not contribute much to the shear strength, however, and therefore a design equation using the steel web and inner concrete panel was suggested.Key words: composite beam, shear capacity, monotonic test, high-rise building.

Monotonic and fatigue assessment of steel-concrete composite beams strengthened with externally post-tensioned tendons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ayman Elzohairy
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Composite Beam ◽  
Composite Beams ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Steel Beam ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Post Tensioning ◽  
Post Tensioned

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] The steel-concrete composite beam represents a structural system widely employed in both buildings and girder bridges. The coupling between steel beams and concrete flanges assures both economic and structural benefits because of quick construction of steel structures and large increase in stiffness due to the presence of concrete. Strengthening with external post-tensioning (PT) force is particularly effective and economical for long-span steel-concrete composite beams and has been employed with great success to increase the bending and shear resistance and correct excessive deflections. Applying external PT force to the steel-concrete composite beam is considered an active strengthening technique that can create permanent internal straining action in the beam which is opposite to the existing straining action due to the applied service loads. The most benefits of using this system of strengthening are an elastic performance to higher loads, higher ultimate capacity, and reduction in deformation under the applied loads. Under service loads, bridge superstructures are subjected to cyclic loads which may cause a premature failure due to fatigue. Therefore, fatigue testing is critical to evaluate existing design methods of steel-concrete composite beams. ... This research presents static and fatigue tests on four steel-concrete composite specimens to evaluate the effect of externally post-tensioned tendons on the ultimate strength and fatigue behavior of composite beams. Fatigue tests are conducted to a million cycles under a four-point bending test. In addition, final static tests are performed on fatigued specimens to evaluate the residual strength of the strengthened specimen. A numerical model is described to predict the fatigue response of the composite beam by considering the fatigue damage in the concrete flange. The accuracy of the developed numerical model is validated using the existing test data. The static test results indicate that the external post-tensioning force improves the flexural behavior of the strengthened specimen by increasing the beam capacity and reducing the tensile stress in the bottom flange of the steel beam. The fatigue results demonstrate that the external post-tensioning significantly decreases the strains in the shear connectors, concrete flange, and steel beam. The tendons demonstrated an excellent fatigue performance, with no indication of distress at the anchors.

Crafting a framework of embodied carbon education, tracking, and reduction for US-based structural engineers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gryniuk ◽  
Dirk Kestner ◽  
Luke Lombardi ◽  
Megan Stringer ◽  
Mark Webster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Collaborative Development ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Embodied Carbon ◽  
Structural Engineers

<p>Achieving reductions to embodied carbon, the global warming potential emissions due to the production of materials, is an essential component to meeting science-based climate targets. Studies have shown that a significant portion of embodied emissions within the built environment are due to structural materials. However, many structural engineers are, not only uneducated in the concept of embodied carbon, but also not aware of the role their decisions can make in addressing climate change. This is further exacerbated by a profession that does not have sufficient structural system embodied carbon benchmark information to make important and informed early design decisions. This required the collaborative development of a structural engineering commitment program, SE 2050, that is supported by leading professional organizations to spur the education and transformation of the profession.</p>

scholarly journals Comparação entre a eficiência estrutural de perfis soldados de aço e perfis de aço formados a frio

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uiatan Aguiar Nogueira ◽  
Matilde Batista Melo ◽  
Daniel De Lima Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Steel Beam ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Welded Steel ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Structural Efficiency ◽  
Cold Formed Steel

RESUMO: A Análise de elementos estruturais, realizadas durante as etapas de projeto de uma estrutura, é parte fundamental para garantia de bom desempenho e estabilidade do sistema estrutural. Na execução de algumas estruturas, como as coberturas em edificações, é usual o emprego de perfis leves de aço formados a frio devido ao seu baixo peso. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar a eficiência estrutural desses perfis quando comparados, por exemplo, aos perfis soldados compactos. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de flexão em quatro vigas biapoiadas submetidas a duas forças concentradas, de forma a se obter flexão pura no meio do vão das vigas. Estas foram instrumentadas para a determinação da sua rigidez e da sua resistência à flexão. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é demonstrar a eficiência estrutural de perfis formados a frio em seção caixa submetidos à flexão em comparação com perfis de seção tipo “H” soldados. ABSTRACT: The analysis of structural elements, in a structure’s design, is an essential step to ensure good performance and stability of the structural system. In any types of structures, such as roofing in buildings, it’s usual using cold-formed steel beams due to their small weight. This research seeks to evaluate the structural efficiency of cold-formed steel beams when compared, for example, to compact welded steel beams. Thus, bending tests were performed in four simply supported beams submitted to two concentrated loads, in order to obtain pure flexure at the mid-span of the beams. These beams were instrumented for the determination of their rigidity and bending strength. The results showed that the cold-formed steel beam, box-shaped, presented structural efficiency similar to the welded steel beam “H” shaped.

Discussion on Several Problems in the Study of Corrosion Mechanism of Steel - Concrete Composite Beams

2013 ◽  
Vol 368-370 ◽  
pp. 888-891
Author(s):  
Qing Yuan Li ◽  
Zhi Wu Yu ◽  
Ya Chuan Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Composite Beam ◽  
Composite Beams ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Reinforcement Corrosion ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Future

It’s of great practical significance to improve the durability of steel-concrete composite beam structures.The deterioration of steel-concrete composite beams includes stud rust, reinforcement corrosion, corrosion of the steel beams and concrete performance degradation, which are caused by a number of factors. The corrosion mechanism of composite beams is discussed, and some basic issues remain to be solved in this area are analyzed in the paper. Besides, some research directions in the future are put forward.

Investigation on the failure mechanism of steel-concrete steel composite beam

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1183-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang P. Zou ◽  
Pei X. Xia ◽  
Xin H. Shen ◽  
Peng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Composite Beam ◽  
Steel Composite

Fazlur Khan (1929–1982): reflections on his life and works

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aftab A Mufti ◽  
Baidar Bakht
Keyword(s):  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Tall Building ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Biographical Sketch ◽  
Structural System ◽  
National Pride ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Vertical Scale ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Structural Engineers

Tall buildings, or skyscrapers, are icons of cities, symbols of corporate power, and a mark of national pride. Certain skyscrapers, such as the John Hancock Center and the Sears Tower in Chicago, are also marvels of engineering that have paved the way for ever increasing heights of structural systems. Since the 1960s, a series of new structural systems has been introduced with the objective of achieving economically-competitive and aesthetically-pleasing tall buildings without compromising safety. One of the great structural engineers responsible for the new structural systems was Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan. This paper provides a biographical sketch of Dr. Khan and discusses some of his innovations pertaining to high-rise buildings. It shows that his contributions led to a new vertical scale for the modern day city.Key words: aesthetics, architecture, innovation, structural system, tall building.

scholarly journals Stability Analysis of High-Rise Buildings by Altering the Beam Members: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 501-507
Author(s):  
Ankur Nagar
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Composite Beam ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Lateral Loads ◽  
Rigid Frame ◽  
Lateral Rigidity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: For buildings larger than 15 to 20 floors, a system with a clean rigid frame is not adequate because it does not provide the required lateral rigidity and causes excessive deflection of the building. These requirements are met in two ways. By introducing the effective section such as beam, column etc in to the structure. This increases the stability and rigidity of the structure, and also limits the requirement for deformation. Now days the composite beam is also used for tall buildings. The Paper present the short summery report of use of various beam elements in building to get the effective out comes to sustained under the lateral forces response. The literature review focus on the impact on the building analysis by altering the Beam Members. Reinforced Concrete Beams, Steel Beams, and Composite Beams. The articles reviewed the concept on introducing the alternating beam in the structure are effective and achieve the higher resisting capacity against the lateral loads. Keywords: Reinforced Concrete Beams, composite beam, Steel Beams, tall buildings, deformation, stability

scholarly journals An application of physics: simply supported bridges made of post-tensioned concrete and structural steel beams

2022 ◽  
Vol 2153 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
J F Márquez-Peñaranda ◽  
J R Pineda-Rodríguez ◽  
J P Rojas-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Structural Steel ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Type I ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Simply Supported ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Post Tensioned

Abstract Bridges represent an important application of physics capable of solving real transportation problems. Knowledge of convenience of different mechanical solutions when analyzing and designing bridge is needed. For these reasons, this work is focused on the study of convenience of using two types of bridges. Simply supported short-medium span bridges (30 m to 45 m) are usually excessively long when choosing reinforced concrete solutions and usually short for other types of structures such as cable-stayed or cantilever bridges. The suitability of simply supported bridges leads to the need of studying their cost benefit ratios. This work studies the cost benefit ratio for post-tensioned concrete beams and structural steel girders in simply supported straight bridges. Eight models built of type I sections were used in both cases to analyze the bridges using a software based on the stiffness method. Span of each bridge was set to 30 m, 35 m, 40 m, and 45 m. The convenience of each type of bridge was done comparing the total and the cost per linear meter of each solution (post-tensioned and structural steel). Comparison was done using material consumption, labor, and construction processes costs only. Also, allowable vertical displacement given by current bridge design standards was verified.

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