The fluctuation of tear production in the dog

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
SL Berger ◽  
VL King
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Healthy Dogs

The fluctuation and variation in canine tear production were established by evaluating the results of daily Schirmer tear test I (STT I) and weekly STT I and Schirmer tear test II (STT II) conducted on healthy dogs. The objectives of the study were to determine the fluctuation in STT values in dogs and its significance on both a daily and weekly basis; to determine the magnitude of the measured differences; and to identify any factors that might influence the fluctuation in STT values or variations of normal values between different dogs. The results of the study indicate that fluctuations in the STT values occur on both a daily and weekly basis. The fluctuations were only biologically significant on a week-to-week basis. There are significant differences between STT I and STT II values in dogs. The results also indicate that weight has a significant effect on STT values, with higher values measured in dogs of increasing body weight.

Effects of long-term oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear and serum melatonin concentrations in healthy dogs

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Claudia Giannetto ◽  
Seyed Mehdi Rajaei ◽  
Arman Abdous ◽  
Hesam Ostadhasan ◽  
Hannah Emami Alagha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Melatonin Concentration ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Collection Time

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of long-term (30-day) oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), and concentration of melatonin in the tears and serum of healthy dogs. ANIMALS 20 healthy sexually intact adult male dogs. PROCEDURES 10 dogs were given melatonin (0.3 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h, administered in food at 9 am), and 10 dogs were given a placebo. Tear and serum melatonin concentrations, IOP, and tear production (determined with a Schirmer tear test) were recorded before (baseline) and 30 minutes, 3 hours, and 5 hours after administration of melatonin or the placebo on day 1 and 30 minutes after administration of melatonin or the placebo on days 8, 15, and 30. RESULTS Data collection time had significant effects on tear production, IOP, and tear melatonin concentration but not on serum melatonin concentration. Treatment (melatonin vs placebo) had a significant effect on tear melatonin concentration, but not on tear production, IOP, or serum melatonin concentration; however, tear melatonin concentration was significantly different between groups only 30 minutes after administration on day 1 and not at other times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy dogs, long-term administration of melatonin at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours did not have any clinically important effects on tear production, IOP, or serum or tear melatonin concentrations.

scholarly journals Effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure, and pupil size in dogs: clinical study

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Ruiz ◽  
Thalita Priscila da Silva Peres ◽  
Wilma Neres da Silva Campos ◽  
Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte ◽  
Alexandre Pinto Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽  
Applanation Tonometry ◽  
Tramadol Hydrochloride ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
To Receive

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive 4mg kg-1 (n=11) and 6mg kg-1 (n=11) of tramadol hydrochloride intramuscularly. Tear production (Schirmer tear test, STT-1), IOP (applanation tonometry) and the PD (electronic pachymetry) were assessed before, 30 and 60 minutes after administration of tramadol. Data were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures (P<0.05). Parameters evaluated before, at 30 and 60min, in dogs treated with 4 and 6mg kg-1, were respectively: (STT-1) 22.50±3.38, 21.14±3.94 and 21.09±2.99mm min-1; and 23.05±3.73,22.64±3.76 and 22.82±3.25mm min-1. (IOP) 18.14±2.68, 17.68±2.59 and 18.23±3.84mmHg; and 19.05±2.27, 18.91±2.74 and 17.64±2.34mmHg. (PD) 6.71±0.65, 7.22±1.42 and 6.90±1.39mm; and 6.25±1.08, 6.80±1.27 and 6.49±0.90mm. All parameters evaluated did not change significantly among time points and dose regimen. Based on the conditions under which the experiments were conducted, tramadol did not affect tear production, IOP and PD in dogs, and could be used as a preoperative analgesic for intraocular surgery and pain control for any cause in patients affected by uveitis, glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Effect of acepromazine or xylazine on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in normal cats

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽  
Abdolali Malmasi ◽  
Saied Bokaie
Keyword(s):  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test

scholarly journals Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.F. Conceição ◽  
A.P. Ribeiro ◽  
M.L.M. Torres ◽  
M.L.G. Lourenço ◽  
J.L. Laus
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Tear Secretion ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Maturity Parameters ◽  
Time Point

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

Tear production in canine neonates - evaluation using a modified Schirmer tear test

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enry Garcia da Silva ◽  
Lynne S. Sandmeyer ◽  
Juliet R. Gionfriddo ◽  
Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira ◽  
Paula D. Galera
Keyword(s):  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test

scholarly journals Determination of left atrial volume in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 743-748
Author(s):  
Rodrigo P. Franco ◽  
Evandro Zacche ◽  
Rafael R. Camacho ◽  
Marlos G. Sousa ◽  
Aparecido A. Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Left Atrial Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Atrial Volume ◽  
Atrial Enlargement ◽  
Healthy Dogs

Abstract: The left atrial volume (LAV) can be obtained using the biplane Simpson's method via echocardiography. Although in medicine this parameter has been considered to be a prognostic marker of left atrial enlargement in several cardiac diseases, in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD), a valvulopathy characterized by left atrial (LA) volume overload, atrial enlargement is usually assessed by the LA-to-Aorta ratio (LA:Ao). Therefore, the body surface area (BSA)-indexed LAV was measured in healthy dogs and in dogs with MMVD using the biplane Simpson's method. For this purpose, a total of 107 healthy dogs (control) and 81 dogs with MMVD in ACVIM stages B1, B2 and C were assessed, with LAV being calculated during atrial diastole (d) and systole (s) through the biplane Simpson's method. Two-dimensional apical four-chamber (4C) and two-chamber (2C) images were obtained in every dog through the left parasternal window. The values obtained from healthy dogs were correlated with body weight using Pearson's test. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test were used to compare healthy and MMVD dogs, as well as to investigate differences according with MMVD stages. A strong positive correlation was documented between either LAVd (r> 0.77) or LAVs (r> 0.73) and body weight in healthy dogs. The BSA-indexed LAV calculated for MMVD dogs was significantly different (p<0.01) from that obtained for the control group. Also, LAV was significantly different (P<0.05) when stages B2 and C, and B1 and C were compared. In conclusion, this study provided a reference for left atrial volume and the applicability of this technique to assess atrial overload in dogs with varying-stage MMVD.

Measurement of tear production and establishment of reference values in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) using a modified Schirmer tear test

2019 ◽  
Vol 186 (10) ◽  
pp. 321-321
Author(s):  
Anna Linda Nogradi ◽  
Zsolt Szentgáli ◽  
Márton Battay ◽  
Iain Cope ◽  
János Gál ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Cavia Porcellus ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

BackgroundPast studies have shown that 5-mm Schirmer tear tests (STTs) are difficult to interpret in guinea pigs. Modified 2.5-mm STT strips are more adequate for measuring the small volume of tear production in these animals. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for the modified 2.5-mm STT strips.MethodsModified STT measurements were performed in random order in both eyes of 50 guinea pig patients. The wetting of the strip was noted at 30 seconds and at 1 minute.ResultsThe mean±sd STT values for both eyes were 7.58±3.19 mm at 30 seconds and 10.42±3.92 mm at 60 seconds. The median was 8 mm at 30 seconds and 10 mm at 60 seconds for both eyes. Animals under one year of age had lower STT values. STT values at 30 and 60 seconds can both be used. Both eyes should be measured when possible.ConclusionThe authors recommend values above 8 mm at 30 seconds and 10 mm at 60 seconds to be considered normal when using a 2.5-mm STT strip. There are ambiguous areas at 5–8 mm and 6–10 mm. If in these ranges the results should be combined with clinical signs and judgement.

Investigation of Schirmer tear test-1 for measurement of tear production in cats in various environmental settings and with different test durations

2020 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Sebbag ◽  
Lisa K. Uhl ◽  
Benjamin Schneider ◽  
Brian Hayes ◽  
June Olds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test
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