Cognitive function and risk factors in the older population: differences between the sexes

Background: Studies have shown a sex difference in the cognitive dysfunction in the elderly where women are more susceptible to Alzheimer’s disease than men. Physical activity (PA) is an important strategy for brain health, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Santos has the largest proportion of the elderly population in São Paulo State (22%), but no studies have whether there are differences between the sexes in cognitive function. Objective: To evaluate the differences between the sexes in the cognitive function of the elderly and which factors are associated with this difference. Methods: Ninety-seven women and sixty-nine men were eligible for the study. Inclusion criteria were >65 years old, no severe cognitive impairment, preserved activities of daily living. Cognitive function and PA were assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Baecke questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 75±7 and 73±7, for women and men, respectively. Both sexes showed a similar MMSE score (26, varying between 14 and 30) that was inversely associated with age. The influence of the schooling status on MMSE was greater in women (r=0.49, p=0.0001) compared to men (r= 0.30, p9. Conclusions: The MMSE score is affected by the aging process similarly between the sexes. The years of schooling have an influence on cognitive function in women that is attenuated by higher PA. Ethical Committee: CAAE 20938619.4.0000.5509. Financial Support: São Paulo Research Foundation.

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Three-year follow-up of Mini-Mental State Examination score in community residents aged 85 and over

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700035091 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 841-848 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

G. J. Izaks ◽

J. Gussekloo ◽

K. M. T. Dermout ◽

T. J. Heeren ◽

G. J. Ligthart

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Regression Line ◽

Regression To The Mean ◽

Floor Effect ◽

The Mean ◽

State Examination

SYNOPSISThe objective of this study was to describe over time the course of cognitive function of elderly without cognitive impairment and of elderly with different stages of impairment, and to assess if the change in cognitive function was dependent on the initial level of function. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used at two time points. The first assessment (MMSE-1) was part of a community-based study and was obtained from 871 subjects. For the second assessment (MMSE-2) a sample of 166 subjects was drawn from the subjects alive at follow-up who had an MMSE-1 score. This sample was stratified by MMSE-1 score to avoid oversampling of subjects with high MMSE-1 scores. A second MMSE score was obtained from 134 elderly, whereas 18 subjects refused participation and 14 subjects were not traceable. The median age at first assessment was 89 years (25th percentile 87, 75th percentile 92), the mean follow-up period (S.D.) was 3·3 (0·5) years. The median change in MMSE score was minus 4 points (95% confidence interval (CI) − 7 to − 2) and the slope of the regression line of MMSE-2 on MMSE-1 was 1·1 (95% CI 0·9–1·3). It is likely that the slope was underestimated due to a floor effect, regression to the mean and missing observations. However, the probability of decline decreased if MMSE-1 was higher. Nevertheless, the probability ranged from 27 to 59% for subjects with the highest MMSE-1 scores aged 85 and 95 years respectively. The latter is an argument in favour of a periodical examination of all subjects aged 85 and over to reveal causes of cognitive decline that can be treated or are amenable to prevention.

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Study of cognitive functions in major idiopathic interstitial pneumonias

Egyptian Journal of Bronchology ◽

10.1186/s43168-020-00046-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed W. Zakaria ◽

Reem I. El-Korashy ◽

Mostafa O. Shaheen ◽

Samah Selim ◽

Kwashi J. Amum

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Dysfunction ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Impaired Lung Function ◽

State Examination

Abstract Background Cognitive dysfunction in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is an important clinical co-morbidity that is associated with impaired lung function. The aim of the work is to assess cognitive function in major IIP and to find out the relation between cognitive dysfunction and the oxygenation parameters. Results Fifty individuals were involved in the study; 30 patients with major IIP and 20 healthy individuals. Patients with IIP had significantly lower mini mental state examination (MMSE) score compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Wechsler Deterioration Index (WDI) revealed that 33.3% (n = 10) of the patients with IIP had sure cognitive impairment and 26.6% (n = 8) had ongoing cognitive deterioration. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) had lower cognitive function than other IIP. Conclusion There is an impairment of cognitive function in patients with major IIP, particularly in IPF, as measured by WDI and MMSE. Further large studies are needed to assess the possible predictors of cognitive impairment and their effects on the patients’ outcome.

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Apolipoprotein E, Cognitive Function, and Dementia in a General Population Aged 85 Years and Over

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610200006487 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 379-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Kati Juva ◽

Auli Verkkoniemi ◽

Petteri Viramo ◽

Tuomo Polvikoski ◽

Katariina Kainulainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Reference Population ◽

Apo E ◽

Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽

Ε4 Allele ◽

Very Old Age ◽

The Mean ◽

Apo E Genotype ◽

State Examination

We examined 510 subjects representing 83.2% of all citizens of a Finnish city aged 85 years or over. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, diagnosis of dementia by DSM-III-R criteria, and Apo-E genotype were determined. The prevalence of dementia was 38.6%. The odds ratio (OR) of the Apo-E ε4 carriers (with the reference population of people with the genotype ε3/ε3) for dementia was 2.36 (95% CI 1.58–3.58). There was a significant sex difference: The OR in women was 3.23 (95% CI 2.02–5.17) whereas among men it was insignificant. The mean MMSE score (± SD) among the Apo-E ε4 carriers (15.0 ± 10.0) and noncarriers (18.7 ± 8.6) (p < .001) differed among the whole population, but not within the demented or nondemented subjects analyzed separately. This study does not support the hypothesis that the Apo-E ε4 allele impairs cognitive functions of nondemented elderly, at least in those surviving to very old age.

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Serum Level of Alkaline Phosphatase Correlates Negatively with Mini-Mental State Examination Score in the Very Elderly of Ashikaga City: Part of the Results of the Ashikaga Longevity Study

Journal of Clinical and Medical Research ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-4333-3(6)-092 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Minoru Yamakado

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Healthy Life Expectancy ◽

Healthy Life ◽

State Examination

Objective: An important medical issue in both Japan and Ashikaga City is how to extend healthy life expectancy. To determine factors associated with healthy life expectancy, we established a joint study between Ashikaga City and the Ashikaga University Faculty of Nursing called the Ashikaga Longevity Study, using new biomarkers such as Diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) tests as indicators of oxidative stress. In this study, factors related to cognitive function were clarified. Methods: Participants comprised 95 individuals (36 men; mean age, 91.0±5.1 years and 59 women; mean age, 92.2±5.9 years). Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: MMSE score was ≤23 in 28 subjects (29.5%) and ≥24 in 67 subjects (70.5%). MMSE score showed significant negative correlations with age (p<0.0096), plasma alkaline phosphatase (p=0.0007), and peripheral leukocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (p=0.0119), and positive correlations with plasma albumin (p=0.0096) and BAP-to-d-ROMs ratio (p=0.0427). Conclusions: These results suggest that cognitive decline may involve brain cell dysfunction due to inflammation based on a reduced ability to control oxidative stress. Not only anti-oxidative aerobic exercise but also anti-oxidative foods, may be necessary to maintain cognitive function.

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Kihito, a Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine, Improves Cognitive Function in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/4086749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hidetoshi Watari ◽

Yutaka Shimada ◽

Mie Matsui ◽

Chihiro Tohda

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Clinical Trial ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Photon Emission ◽

Emission Computed Tomography ◽

State Examination

Background and Aims. We previously reported that the administration of traditional Japanese medicines, kihito (Gui-Pi-Tang in Chinese) and kamikihito (Jia-Wei-Gui-Pi-Tang in Chinese), to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice improved memory impairment. There are a few reports that show kihito and kamikihito have a beneficial effect on the cognitive function of AD patients in clinical studies. However, these studies are not comparative and are retrospective studies; thus, more evidence is needed. Therefore, we conducted an open-label, crossover designed clinical trial to investigate the effect of kihito on cognitive function of AD patients. Methods. The inclusion criteria for eligible patients were as follows: (1) imaging diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography) of AD, (2) a treatment regimen including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), and (3) a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥15. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) change in ChEI dosage, (2) memantine usage, and (3) MMSE score < 15. To prevent bias in age and baseline cognitive function, patients were divided into two groups: the first group received 2.5 g of kihito extract 3 times/day during the first half of the study (weeks 0-16) and the second group received the same dose of kihito during the second half of the study (weeks 17-32). ChEI dosage did not change during the study period. Patients underwent a cognitive function test during weeks 0, 16, and 32. Cognitive function was evaluated by Japanese versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-J) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS-J) test. Results. Ten patients completed the clinical trial (4 males, 6 females, average age 71.7 years). MMSE-J scores significantly increased during the kihito intake period. RBANS-J test scores had a slight improvement during the kihito intake period compared with the ChEI alone treatment period, but no significant changes were observed. Conclusion. Kihito improves cognitive function in AD patients.

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The relationship between olfaction and cognitive function in the elderly

The Journal of Physiological Sciences ◽

10.1186/s12576-020-00777-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sae Uchida ◽

Chiho Shimada ◽

Naoko Sakuma ◽

Fusako Kagitani ◽

Akiko Kan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cognitive Measures ◽

Attentional Function ◽

Trail Making ◽

Identification Threshold ◽

Olfactory Impairment ◽

The Relationship ◽

State Examination

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between olfaction and cognitive function in 12 elderly people (age: 80.9 ± 1.6) living in the community. Olfactory function was assessed by the identification threshold for rose odor. Four cognitive measures consisting general cognitive ability assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), its sub-domains, and attentional ability assessed by drawing a line to connect the numbers consecutively (trail-making test part A; TMT-A), were assessed. Subjects with a higher olfactory threshold (≥ 5) declined more in the performance speed of TMT-A (73% ± 7%, p = 0.05) compared with those subjects with a lower threshold (≤ 4) (averaged value was set at 100%). Other cognitive statuses assessed by MMSE tended to decline in subjects with higher thresholds. Because attentional function relates to the basal forebrain cholinergic system, our results suggest that olfactory impairment links to the decline in cognitive function, particularly of attention-relating cholinergic function.

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Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 20

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.177.4.348 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 177 (4) ◽

pp. 348-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

C. Kelly ◽

V. Sharkey ◽

G. Morrison ◽

J. Allardyce ◽

R. G. McCreadie

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Verbal Fluency ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Community Based ◽

Adult Reading ◽

The Mean ◽

National Adult Reading Test ◽

State Examination

BackgroundCognitive deficits are a core aspect of schizophrenia but there has been no study of cognitive function in a catchment-area-based population of patients with schizophrenia.AimsTo assess cognitive function in a population of patients with schizophrenia, and relate it to community functioning.MethodAll patients with schizophrenia in Nithsdale, south-west Scotland, were identified (n=182). Measures of assessment were: National Adult Reading Test (NART), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), Executive Interview (EXIT), FAS Verbal Fluency and Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS).ResultsWe assessed 138 patients, mean age 48 years (standard deviation (s.d.) 15). Only 14% were in-patients. The mean premorbid IQ as assessed by NART was 98 (s.d. 14); 15% of patients had significant global cognitive impairment (MMSE); 81% had impaired memory (RBMT); 25% had executive dyscontrol (EXIT); and 49% had impaired verbal fluency (FAS). Scores on the functional impairment sub-scale of HoNOS correlated with all measures of cognitive impairment.ConclusionsCognitive dysfunction is pervasive in a community-based population of patients with schizophrenia.

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Mini-Mental State Examination is superior to plasma glucose concentrations in monitoring patients with suspected hypoglycaemic disorders during the 72-hour fast

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.1.01893 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 152 (4) ◽

pp. 605-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Peter Wiesli ◽

Beat Schwegler ◽

Beat Schmid ◽

Giatgen A Spinas ◽

Christoph Schmid

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mental State ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽

Systematic Evaluation ◽

Cognitive State ◽

State Examination

Objective: To determine whether systematic evaluation of cognitive function by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) allows the objective detection and documentation of cognitive deterioration in patients referred for evaluation of suspected hypoglycaemic disorders by the 72-h fast. Design: Prospective case series. Methods: In 50 patients referred for evaluation of suspected hypoglycaemic disorders, the MMSE score (maximum 30 points) was assessed at the start and at the end of the fast. Results: The fast was terminated before 72 h in 14 patients because they developed neuroglycopenic symptoms due to hypoglycaemic disorders. Their MMSE score fell from a median of 29 points (range 20–30) at the beginning to 17 points (range 0–24) at the termination of the fast. The score dropped by ≥6 points in all patients with hypoglycaemic disorders. Median (range) plasma glucose concentration at the end of the fast was 2.1 (1.1–2.5) mmol/l. Thirty-six individuals developed no neuroglycopenic symptoms throughout the 72-h fast, their MMSE score remained between 27 and 30 throughout the fast and their median plasma glucose concentration dropped to 2.9 (2–3.6) mmol/l. Conclusions: Systematic evaluation of cognitive function by the MMSE at the beginning and at the termination of the fast allows objective determination and documentation of the deterioration of the cognitive state in patients with hypoglycaemic disorders. A decline in the cognitive performance by ≥6 points in the MMSE score rather than a distinct plasma glucose concentration should be used as the criterion to terminate the prolonged fast before 72 h.

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Mini-Mental State Examination performance in frail, pre-frail, and non-frail community dwelling older adults in Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610212000907 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (11) ◽

pp. 1725-1731 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Cláudia Rodrigues Monteiro Macuco ◽

Samila Satler Tavares Batistoni ◽

Andrea Lopes ◽

Meire Cachioni ◽

Deusivânia Vieira da Silva Falcão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Cardiovascular Health Study ◽

São Paulo ◽

Frail Older Adults ◽

Community Dwelling Older Adults ◽

State Examination

ABSTRACTBackground: Frailty in older adults is a multifactorial syndrome defined by low metabolic reserve, less resistance to stressors, and difficulty in maintaining organic homeostasis due to cumulative decline of multiple physiological systems. The relationship between frailty and cognition remains unclear and studies about Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) performance and frailty are scarce. The objective was to examine the association between frailty and cognitive functioning as assessed by the MMSE and its subdomains.Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study (FIBRA) was carried out in Ermelino Matarazzo, a poor subdistrict of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were 384 community dwelling older adults, 65 years and older who completed the MMSE and a protocol to assess frailty criteria as described in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).Results: Frail older adults had significantly worse performance on the MMSE (p < 0.001 for total score). Linear regression analyses showed that the MMSE total score was influenced by age (p < 0.001), education (p < 0.001), family income (p < 0.001), and frailty status (p < 0.036). Being frail was associated more significantly with worse scores in Time Orientation (p < 0.004) and Immediate Memory (p < 0.001).Conclusions: Our data suggest that being frail is associated with worse cognitive performance, as assessed by the MMSE. It is recommended that the assessment of frail older adults should include the investigation of their cognitive status.

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Art Therapy on the Cognitive Function of Elderly with Dementia

Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia ◽

10.21927/jnki.2019.7(2).60-67 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Murdiyanti Prihatin Putri Dewi MPP

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Art Therapy ◽

Mental State ◽

Aging Process ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Control Groups ◽

State Examination

The aging process continues as time goes by and there will be an impairment of the organ. Decreased body functions that often appear one of them is a decrease in cognitive function. Most of the elderly experienced dementia by showing changes in behavior. This study was to identify the effect of art therapy on cognitive function of the elderly with dementia with the design of this study was Quasy Experimental Pre-Post Control Goup Design. There were 82 respondents divided into control groups and intervention groups. Measurement of cognitive function of the elderly with dementia using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The result of the research showed that there was a significant improvement of the cognitive function in elderly with dementia after art therapy for 4 (four) weeks. It can be concluded thatbrain exercise and art therapy exercise can be applied to increase cognitive function towards the elderly.

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