The relationship between olfaction and cognitive function in the elderly

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between olfaction and cognitive function in 12 elderly people (age: 80.9 ± 1.6) living in the community. Olfactory function was assessed by the identification threshold for rose odor. Four cognitive measures consisting general cognitive ability assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), its sub-domains, and attentional ability assessed by drawing a line to connect the numbers consecutively (trail-making test part A; TMT-A), were assessed. Subjects with a higher olfactory threshold (≥ 5) declined more in the performance speed of TMT-A (73% ± 7%, p = 0.05) compared with those subjects with a lower threshold (≤ 4) (averaged value was set at 100%). Other cognitive statuses assessed by MMSE tended to decline in subjects with higher thresholds. Because attentional function relates to the basal forebrain cholinergic system, our results suggest that olfactory impairment links to the decline in cognitive function, particularly of attention-relating cholinergic function.

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Relationship between afternoon napping and cognitive function in the ageing Chinese population

General Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/gpsych-2020-100361 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. e100361

Author(s):

Han Cai ◽

Ning Su ◽

Wei Li ◽

Xia Li ◽

Shifu Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

The Elderly ◽

Ageing Population ◽

The Relationship ◽

State Examination

BackgroundSeveral studies have shown that afternoon napping promotes cognitive function in the elderly; on the other hand, some studies have shown opposite results. This current study further examined the relationship between afternoon napping and cognitive function in the ageing Chinese population.MethodsA total of 2214 elderly were included (napping group: n=1534; non-napping group: n=680). They all received cognitive evaluations by the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Chinese version of the Neuropsychological Test Battery. Among all the subjects, 739 elderly volunteered to take blood lipid tests.ResultsSignificant differences in cognitive function and blood lipids were observed between the napping and the non-napping groups. Afternoon napping was associated with better cognitive function including orientation, language, and memory in the present study. Subjects with the habit of afternoon napping also showed a higher level of triglyceride than the non-napping subjects.ConclusionThe results demonstrated that afternoon napping was related to better cognitive function in the Chinese ageing population.

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GAMBARAN SKOR MMSE, CDT, TMT A DAN TMT B PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WERDHA AGAPE TONDANO

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.3.1.2015.7128 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Reza B. Susanto ◽

Rizal Tumewah ◽

Arthur H. P. Mawuntu

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Normal Cognitive Function ◽

Trail Making ◽

State Examination

Abstract: Indonesia has the highest growth of elderly population. Health problem that often occurs in the elderly is impaired cognitive function which can be examined by using various examinations. Rapid examinations with practical high values are Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), as well as Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B). These are done by giving a series of commands to a person and then his/her accuracy will be assessed. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2014 to January 2015 at the Agape elderly nursing home Tondano. The results showed that there were 12 respondents that met the inclusion criteria consisted of eight females and four males. The results of the four tests showed that MMSE had 67% of respondents with normal cognitive function, CDT had 75% with normal executive function, TMT A had 100% with experienced executive interference, and TMT B had 92% with experienced executive interference. Conclusion: Most respondents showed MMSE with normal cognitive function and CDT with, normal executive function, however, all respondents showed TMT A with experienced executive interference, and nearly all respondents showed TMT B with experienced executive interference. Cognitive dysfunction were more frequent among the elderly of ≥75 years, female, primary school education, and unemployment.Keywords: elderly, cognitive function, executive functionAbstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara tertinggi dalam pertumbuhan penduduk lanjut usia. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk lanjut usia tersebut menimbulkan masalah kesehatan, masalah kesehatan yang sering terjadi pada usia lanjut antara lain gangguan fungsi kognitif. Gangguan fungsi kognitif ini dapat di periksa dengan berbagai pemeriksaan. Pemeriksaan yang cepat dan praktis namun nilainya tinggi adalah pemeriksaan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Trail Making Test A dan B (TMT A dan B). Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan dengan memberi serangkaian perintah pada seseorang dan ketepatannya dinilai. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2014 hingga Januari 2015 bertempat di Panti Werdha Agape Tondano. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 12 responden yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian, terdiri dari 8 perempuan dan 4 laki-laki. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE menunjukkan 67% responden dengan fungsi kognitif normal, CDT menunjukkan 75% dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, TMT A menunjukkan 100% dengan gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B menunjukkan 92% mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Simpulan: Sebagian besar responden menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan MMSE dengan fungsi kognitifnya normal, CDT dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, sedangkan untuk TMT A seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B hampir seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Secara keseluruhan, gangguan fungsi kognitif lebih banyak pada lansia perempuan usia ≥ 75 tahun, pendidikan SD, dan tidak bekerja.Kata kunci: lansia, fungsi kognitif, fungsi eksekutif

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1 GAMBARAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA LANSIA DI TIGA YAYASAN MANULA DI KECAMATAN KAWANGKOAN

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.1.1.2013.3288 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniar Aprilia Ramadian

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Elderly People ◽

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Health Problems ◽

Education Level ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Trail Making ◽

State Examination

AbstractBackground: An increasing number of elderly people raises various social, economic, and health problems. Health problems are often occur in the elderly is impaired cognitive function. The rapid examination and practical, high value is the examination of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Trail Making Test (TMT). These checks are done by giving series of commands at someone and assess their accuracy.Objective: To knowing overview of cognitive function in the elderly at three elderly people foundation in district Kawangkoan by sex, age, and education.Methods: The descriptive research with cross-sectional method, was conducted in November 2012 held at the Elderly Foundation Centre Kawangkoan Minahasa, Maupusan Foundation, and Pakakamangen Foundation in District Kawangkoan.Results: From the research gained 61 people who met the inclusion criteria consisted of 4 men and 57 women. Based on age, and education level showed decline in cognitive function is most at 75-90 years old and last education level is Elementary School.Conclusion: The results of the MMSE and TMT in the elderly at three elderly people foundation in district Kawangkoan mostly with normal results on the MMSE and TMT abnormal.Keywords: Elderly, cognitive function, MMSE, TMT-A & B.AbstrakLatar belakang: Peningkatan jumlah penduduk lanjut usia menimbulkan berbagai masalah sosial, ekonomi, dan kesehatan. Masalah kesehatan yang sering terjadi pada usia lanjut ialah gangguan fungsi kognitif. Pemeriksaan yang cepat dan praktis namun nilainya tinggi adalah pemeriksaan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) dan Trail Making Test (TMT). Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan dengan memberi serangkaian perintah pada seseorang dan menilai ketepatannya.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada lansia di tiga yayasan manula di kecamatan kawangkoan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, umur, dan pendidikan.Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan metode potong lintang, dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2012 bertempat di Yayasan Manula Pusat Kawangkoan Minahasa, Yayasan Maupusan, dan Yayasan Pakakamangen di Kecamatan Kawangkoan.Hasil: Dari penelitian diperoleh 61 orang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi terdiri dari 4 laki-laki dan 57 perempuan. Berdasarkan usia, dan tingkat pendidikan menunjukkan penurunan fungsi kognitif terbanyak adalah pada usia 75-90 tahun dan tingkat pendidikan terakhir SD.Kesimpulan: Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE dan TMT pada lansia di tiga yayasan manula di kecamatan Kawangkoan sebagian besar dengan hasil normal pada MMSE dan abnormal pada TMT.Kata kunci: Lansia, fungsi kognitif, MMSE, TMT-A & B.

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Endogenous Sex Hormones and Cognitive Function in Older Men*

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.84.10.6086 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 84 (10) ◽

pp. 3681-3685 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth Barrett-Connor ◽

Deborah Goodman-Gruen ◽

Brad Patay

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Older Men ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Bioavailable Testosterone ◽

Selective Reminding ◽

The World ◽

Trail Making ◽

Selective Reminding Test ◽

State Examination

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether endogenous sex hormone levels predict cognitive function in older men. Our study design was an exploratory analysis in a population-based cohort in Rancho Bernardo, California. The study participants were 547 community-dwelling men 59–89 yr of age at baseline who were not using testosterone or estrogen therapy. Between 1984 and 1987, sera were collected for measurement of endogenous total and bioavailable testosterone and estradiol levels. Between 1988 and 1991, 12 standard neuropsychological instruments were administered, including two items from the Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration (BIMC) Test, three measures of retrieval from the Buschke-Fuld Selective Reminding Test, a category fluency test, immediate and delayed recall from the Visual Reproduction Test, the Mini-Mental State Examination with individual analysis of the Serial Sevens and the “World” Backwards components, and the Trail-Making Test Part B. In age- and education-adjusted analyses, men with higher levels of total and bioavailable estradiol had poorer scores on the BIMC Test and Mini-Mental State Examination. Men with higher levels of bioavailable testosterone had better scores on the BIMC Test and the Selective Reminding Test (long-term storage). Five associations were U-shaped: total testosterone and total and bioavailable estradiol with the BIMC Test; bioavailable testosterone with the “World” test; and total estradiol with the Trail-Making Test. All associations were relatively weak but independent of age, education, body mass index, alcohol use, cigarette smoking and depression. In these older men, low estradiol and high testosterone levels predicted better performance on several tests of cognitive function. Linear and nonlinear associations were also found, suggesting that an optimal level of sex hormones may exist for some cognitive functions.

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Art Therapy on the Cognitive Function of Elderly with Dementia

Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia ◽

10.21927/jnki.2019.7(2).60-67 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Murdiyanti Prihatin Putri Dewi MPP

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Art Therapy ◽

Mental State ◽

Aging Process ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Control Groups ◽

State Examination

The aging process continues as time goes by and there will be an impairment of the organ. Decreased body functions that often appear one of them is a decrease in cognitive function. Most of the elderly experienced dementia by showing changes in behavior. This study was to identify the effect of art therapy on cognitive function of the elderly with dementia with the design of this study was Quasy Experimental Pre-Post Control Goup Design. There were 82 respondents divided into control groups and intervention groups. Measurement of cognitive function of the elderly with dementia using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The result of the research showed that there was a significant improvement of the cognitive function in elderly with dementia after art therapy for 4 (four) weeks. It can be concluded thatbrain exercise and art therapy exercise can be applied to increase cognitive function towards the elderly.

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PENERAPAN ART THERAPY MEMBATIK COLET SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMELIHARA FUNGSI KOGNITIF LANSIA DI POSYANDU BAROKAH, KELURAHAN KLAMPIS NGASEM, KECAMATAN SUKOLILO, KOTA SURABAYA, PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Kesehatan ◽

10.33023/jpm.v6i1.563 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 41-45

Author(s):

Elida Ulfiana ◽

Makhfudli ◽

Kusnul Chotimah ◽

Zenitha Rani

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Art Therapy ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Community Partnership ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Dementia Prevention ◽

State Examination ◽

Partnership Program

Klampis Ngasem is one of the areas in East Surabaya, precisely in Sukolilo sub-district, Surabaya. The target group in the community partnership program (PKM) is the Elderly Posyandu "Barokah" in RW 3. Problems that occur in the Elderly Barokah Posyandu are less varied activities and innovation so that some elderly are less interested and bored to follow routinely as indicated by the presence of the elderly < 75%, the absence of efforts to prevent dementia that is carried out regularly and continue for the elderly, lack of elderly knowledge about changes in cognitive function and efforts to maintain cognitive function so as to prevent dementia, and the availability of leisure time for the elderly in addition to routine posyandu activities and those that have not been utilized to be useful and productive. The solution to overcome these problems is through the application of Art Therapy to make colet batik. The purpose of this community service is to help express themselves, maintain the cognitive function of the elderly and provide new skills in making batik as an activity in the Posyandu Elder Barokah Klampis Ngasem Village. The activities carried out are screening to see the cognitive function of the elderly using Mini mental state examination (MMSE) and clock drawing test (CDT), counseling about prevention of dementia which includes knowing dementia, prevention of dementia, and art therapy, batik colet training with demonstration methods, and simulation. The results of batik colet will be processed again with the help of cadres or the elderly who have sewing skills to be used as sofa pillowcases. From this process, a work or product will be produced from the batik colet method.

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Cognitive function and risk factors in the older population: differences between the sexes

10.5327/1516-3180.387 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vinícius Lúcio de Barros ◽

Larissa Gomes Peres Bomfim ◽

Melyssa Alves Souza ◽

Danielle Ginsicke ◽

Mileny Esbravatti Stephano Colovati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

The Elderly ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Brain Health ◽

The Mean ◽

State Examination ◽

Study Inclusion

Background: Studies have shown a sex difference in the cognitive dysfunction in the elderly where women are more susceptible to Alzheimer’s disease than men. Physical activity (PA) is an important strategy for brain health, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Santos has the largest proportion of the elderly population in São Paulo State (22%), but no studies have whether there are differences between the sexes in cognitive function. Objective: To evaluate the differences between the sexes in the cognitive function of the elderly and which factors are associated with this difference. Methods: Ninety-seven women and sixty-nine men were eligible for the study. Inclusion criteria were >65 years old, no severe cognitive impairment, preserved activities of daily living. Cognitive function and PA were assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Baecke questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 75±7 and 73±7, for women and men, respectively. Both sexes showed a similar MMSE score (26, varying between 14 and 30) that was inversely associated with age. The influence of the schooling status on MMSE was greater in women (r=0.49, p=0.0001) compared to men (r= 0.30, p9. Conclusions: The MMSE score is affected by the aging process similarly between the sexes. The years of schooling have an influence on cognitive function in women that is attenuated by higher PA. Ethical Committee: CAAE 20938619.4.0000.5509. Financial Support: São Paulo Research Foundation.

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OVERVIEW OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY WITH VARIATIONS OF TOTAL REMAINING TEETH REVIEW FROM MINI-MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i11.2021.4389 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 168-181

Author(s):

Ifwandi ◽

Dewi Saputri ◽

Liana Rahmayani ◽

Pocut Aya Sofya ◽

Syahrial ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mental State ◽

Tooth Loss ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of ◽

The Impact ◽

State Examination

When a person reaches the elderly phase, the function of the body's organs decreases, which causes an increased risk of disease and death. Including dental infections such as caries and periodontal disease which are the main factors for tooth loss. Tooth loss does not only affect the impact of mastication but also affects a person's cognitive function. This condition occurs because when a person loses teeth, the function of the Periodontal Mechanoreceptors decreases, disrupting the function of the hippocampus which is important for memory in the brain. Loss of a large number of teeth tends to indicate low cognitive function, but several factors affect cognitive function, namely education level, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, heart disease, depression, sleep disorders, head injury, physical activity, and a history of smoking. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a tool to assess a person's cognitive function. This study aims to see the description of cognitive function in the elderly at the Geunaseh Sayang Nursing Home with variations in the number of tooth losses. This study was conducted with 43 research subjects with interviews and intra-oral examination methods. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the elderly who only have fewer teeth show a higher decline in cognitive function compared to the elderly with more teeth in the oral cavity. This is following the theory which states that the more teeth you lose, the lower your cognitive function will be.

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Creativity, paranormal beliefs and cognitive impairment in the elderly

European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education ◽

10.1989/ejihpe.v5i2.117 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 253-265

Author(s):

Inmaculada Méndez ◽

Julia García-Sevilla ◽

Juan P. Martínez ◽

Isabel García-Munuera ◽

Ana Mª Bermúdez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Religious Beliefs ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Belief System ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cognitive Status ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

Paranormal Beliefs ◽

The Relationship ◽

State Examination

In the case of older people, aesthetic thought and creativity are ways to keep mind and imagination active by contributing to prevent cognitive decline. Furthermore, having a religious belief system or even a belief system or paranormal experiences has proved to be beneficial for the health of the elderly. The objective was to study the relationship between creativity, degree of cognitive impairment and paranormal beliefs. The existence of differences depending on sociodemographic characteristics was analyzed. A group of 36 elderly people (16 men) aged between 66 and 95 years were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC), the CREA Test and the Paranormal Beliefs Scale. The main outcomes include that: those with better cognitive status are more creative; the less creative subjects had more traditional religious beliefs and even greater superstition; the elderly with better cognitive status were the least superstitious. It is remarkable that men were more creative, while women excelled in traditional religious beliefs. The study allows reflecting on the importance of professionals who work with the elderly to carry out programs to encourage creativity and even collect information about the belief system.

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GAMBARAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DENGAN RIWAYAT STROKE DI POLIKLINIK SARAF RSUP PROF. DR. R.D. KANDOU MANADO

JURNAL BIOMEDIK (JBM) ◽

10.35790/jbm.5.1.2013.2635 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tirzha N. Paparang ◽

Corry N. Mahama ◽

Denny J. Ngantung

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Trail Making ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

State Examination

Abstract: Stroke is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction. The incidences of cognitive dysfunction increase three-fold after strokes, usually involving impairement of abilities in visuo-spacial, memory, orientation, speech, attention, and performance functions. The rapid, practical, and approved examinations used to evaluate and confirm the decline in cognitive functions are the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). This study aimed to reveal the cognitive functions of outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado by using the above mentioned examinations. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design conducted in November 2012. The results showed that there were 51 respondents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria consisting of 32 males and 19 females. The highest decline of cognitive function by age, the educational level, and employment was 60-79 years, more than 9 years of education, and retired workers, respectively. The results of the MMSE, CDT, and TMT examinations for cognitive impairment evaluation were as follow: MMSE 62.75%, CDT 56.86%, TMT A 96.08%, and TMT B 84.31%. Conclusion: Most of the outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado showed cognitive impairments. Keywords: CDT, cognitive function, MMSE, stroke, TMT-A and B. Abstrak: Stroke merupakan penyebab utama gangguan fungsi kognitif. Insiden gangguan kognitif meningkat tiga kali lipat setelah stroke, dan biasanya melibatkan kemampuan visuospasial, memori, orientasi, bahasa, perhatian dan fungsi eksekutif. Pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi dan mengonfirmasi penurunan fungsi kognitif yang cepat dan praktis namun bernilai tinggi ialah Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), dan Trail Making Test (TMT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan cross-sectional design dan dilaksanakan selama bulan November 2012. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa 51 responden memenuhi kriteria inklusi, terdiri dari 32 laki-laki dan 19 perempuan. Berdasarkan usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan pekerjaan, penurunan fungsi kognitif terbanyak pada usia 60-79 tahun, tingkat pendidikan terakhir >9 tahun, dan pekerjaan pensiunan. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE, CDT, dan TMT terhadap fungsi kognitif responden ialah: MMSE 62,75%, CDT 56,86%, TMT A 96,08%, dan TMT B 84,31%. Simpulan: Sebagian besar pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado telah memperlihatkan gagguan fungsi kognitif.Kata kunci: stroke, fungsi kognitif, MMSE, CDT, TMT-A dan B.

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