Frequency of arboviruses antibodies in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: data from the BrAIN network (Brazilian Autoimmune Encephalitis Network) Bruna de Freitas Dias, Fábio Fieni Toso, Rene de Araújo Gleizer, Maria Eduarda

Background: Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is the main cause of non-infectious encephalitis and results from the peripheral immune response against cell surface antigens in the central nervous system. The clinical presentations are varied and known triggers are tumors and herpetic infections. Arboviruses Zika (ZIKV), Dengue (DENGV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) are neurotropic infections that present neurological manifestations whose mechanism is unknown. Objective: Verify the frequency of arboviruses antibodies in patients with autoimmune encephalitis in a Brazilian cohort Design and setting: It is a transversal study performed by Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein in Brazil Methods: Patients who met the criteria for probable AIE (Graus 2016) evaluated at the 18 centers of the BrAIN network were included. Clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data were compiled. Antineuronal antibodies were detected using TBA, CBA and immunoblot in serum and CSF; antibodies against ZIKV, DENGV and CHIKV were detected by ELISA. The cohort was divided into two groups: seropositive encephalitic (SPE) and non-encephalitic (NE) and the frequencies of viral serologies were compared. Results: Among 619 patients included in the BrAIN cohort, serology for arboviruses was performed in 482 patients, being 79 SPE and 99 NE. The SPEgroup showed the following frequency of antibodies: 58.2% anti-NMDA, 7.6% antiLGI1, 6.3% anti-Caspr2, 2.5% anti-GABA B, 1.3% anti-GABA A, 3.8% anti-AMPAr, 1.3% anti-AQ4, 8.9% anti-MOG, 1.3% anti-IgLON5, 7.6% anti-GlyR and 5.1% others. The frequency of serology was IgG DENG (SPE 42.3% X NP 43.4%, p = 0.82); IgG CHIK (SPE 16.5% X 3.1% NP, p = 0.001); IgG ZIKV (SPE31.6% X NP 28.3%, p = 0.62). The frequency of triple positive serology (IgG DENG, ZIKV, CHIK) was 11.39% (SPE X 2.02% NP, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Patients with SPE have IgG CHIKV antibodies most commonly. In addition, they present a higher frequency of positivity for IgG CHIKV, ZIKV, DENGV simultaneously. Future studies should assess the association between arboviruses as a trigger for AIE or as a marker of susceptibility to immunological alteration.

Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management

Practical Neurology ◽

10.1136/practneurol-2020-002567 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. practneurol-2020-002567

Author(s):

Christopher E Uy ◽

Sophie Binks ◽

Sarosh R Irani

Keyword(s):

Patient Outcomes ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽

Surface Antigens ◽

Brain Inflammation ◽

Clinical Experiences ◽

Cell Surface Antigens ◽

Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽

Improve Patient

Autoimmune encephalitis defines brain inflammation caused by a misdirected immune response against self-antigens expressed in the central nervous system. It comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders that are at least as common as infectious causes of encephalitis. The rapid and ongoing expansion of this field has been driven by the identification of several pathogenic autoantibodies that cause polysymptomatic neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. These conditions often show highly distinctive cognitive, seizure and movement disorder phenotypes, making them clinically recognisable. Their early identification and treatment improve patient outcomes, and may aid rapid diagnosis of an underlying associated tumour. Here we summarise the well-known autoantibody-mediated encephalitis syndromes with neuronal cell-surface antigens. We focus on practical aspects of their diagnosis and treatment, offer our clinical experiences of managing such cases and highlight more basic neuroimmunological advances that will inform their future diagnosis and treatments.

Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: a clinical-pathological and immunohistochemical study of ten autopsy cases

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2006000600017 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 976-982 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Henrique Costa ◽

Marcello Franco ◽

Myriam Dumas Hahn

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

B Cell ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Primary Lymphoma ◽

System A ◽

Long Time ◽

The Mean ◽

CONTEXT: Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are a rare subgroup of lymphomas generally associated with HIV and EBV. OBJECTIVE: To study ten autopsy cases of PCNSL, to describe the neuropathological findings, to characterize the phenotype of the neoplastic cells, to detect EBV in the lesion and to compare the findings with the clinical and laboratory data of the patients. METHOD: The clinical, histological and immunohistochemical data of ten cases of PCNSL, eight cases from patients with AIDS, identified among 265 autopsies of these patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Seven patients were males and the mean age was 40.9 years. The most frequent symptomatology was focal neurologic deficit (70%). Six patients presented with only one lesion. Histologically, densely cellular and polymorphous neoplasms with angiocentrism were observed, in 90% of cases. An association with other diseases was observed in four cases. Most patients had diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. EBV was detected by immunohistochemistry in only one case. The lack of detection of the virus might have been due to the long time of fixation of the brain which might have inactivate epitopes therefore compromising the testing. CONCLUSION: In the present series, PCNSL presented with focal symptoms, with unifocal or multifocal lesions, with a predominant B-cell CD20 positive phenotype, rarely associated with EBV.

Role of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors of the brain in the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular regulation by the negative feedback mechanism

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl11462 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 36-38

Author(s):

Ye. V. V. Naumenko ◽

A. V. Amikishiyeva ◽

L. I. Serova

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Negative Feedback ◽

Feedback Mechanism ◽

Gaba A ◽

Negative Feedback Mechanism ◽

The Brain ◽

Stimulation Of

The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of the brain and its receptors in the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular (HPT) regulation by the negative feedback mechanism was for the first time studied in sham-operated and unilaterally castrated adult Wister rats. Increased level of GABA in the central nervous system following an injection of GABA transaminase inhibitor, aminoacetic acid, into the lateral ventricle of the brain was associated with activation of a compensatory increase of testosterone level in the blood, caused by unilateral castration. GABA effect is mediated through the receptors. Muscimol stimulation of GABA-A receptors of the central nervous system activated and their blocking with bicucullin inhibited a compensatory increase of testosterone level in the blood caused by hemicastration. Baclofen stimulation of cerebral GABA-B receptors was associated with an inhibition and their saclofen blocking with stimulation of the level of male sex steroid hormone in the blood following unilateral castration. A conclusion is made about participation of GABAergic mechanisms of the brain in the regulation of HPT function via the negative feedback mechanism

New Face of Neuroinfection; Autoimun Encephalitis

Arkus ◽

10.37275/arkus.v3i1.121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 189-190

Author(s):

Andika Okparasta

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Inflammatory Process ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽

Neurological Dysfunction ◽

Central Nervous System Disorders ◽

Encephalitis is an inflammatory process of the brain that attacks the central nervous system and can cause neurological dysfunction. Encephalitis is mostly caused by viruses, but in some cases the etiology is unknown. Autoimmune encephalitis occurs due to autoantibody interactions characterized by symptoms of central nervous system disorders. Clinical symptoms are quite specific, but there are criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis and additional investigations if needed. Treatment options for autoimmune encephalitis range from agents that suppress the immune system broadly to agents that specifically target antibody-mediated pathogenesis.

Presence of antibody in virus-infected brain cells of SSPE ferrets

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100077591 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 804-805

Author(s):

Hannah R. Brown ◽

Tammy L. Donato ◽

Halldor Thormar

Keyword(s):

Measles Virus ◽

Plasma Cells ◽

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽

Protein A ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

A Cell ◽

Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found in the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a slowly progressing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. IgG/albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS. Using the ferret as an animal model to study the disease, we have been attempting to localize the Ig's in the brains of animals inoculated with a cell associated strain of SSPE. In an earlier report, preliminary results using Protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (PrAPx) (Dynatech Diagnostics Inc., South Windham, ME.) to detect antibodies revealed the presence of immunoglobulin mainly in antibody-producing plasma cells in inflammatory lesions and not in infected brain cells.In the present experiment we studied the brain of an SSPE ferret with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1024 in serum and 1:512 in CSF at time of sacrifice 7 months after i.c. inoculation with SSPE measles virus-infected cells. The animal was perfused with saline and portions of the brain and spinal cord were immersed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (P-L-P) fixative. The ferret was not perfused with fixative because parts of the brain were used for virus isolation.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141160 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 958-959

Author(s):

S.S. Spicer ◽

B.A. Schulte

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Peripheral Nervous System ◽

Sensory Neurons ◽

Sensory Nerves ◽

Tissue Antigens ◽

The Brain ◽

Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100159710 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 434-435

Author(s):

Grazia Tagliafierro ◽

Cristiana Crosa ◽

Marco Canepa ◽

Tiziano Zanin

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Ultrastructural Level ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Balanus Amphitrite ◽

Neurosecretory Neurons ◽

Ultrathin Sections ◽

Dense Core Granules ◽

The Brain ◽

Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2018.janfeb03 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 10-13

Author(s):

James B. Talmage ◽

Jay Blaisdell

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurological Impairment ◽

Sixth Edition ◽

Central Nerve System ◽

The One ◽

Nerve System ◽

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.