English texts with parable elements, dating from the XIII-XIV centuries: synergetic approach

The scientific article presents the first results of the study of the English parable in the diachronic aspect from the synergetic point of view. The research started from the Middle Ages, illustrated and analyzed the first English texts with parable elements, dating from the XIII-XIV centuries. The scientific work is based on historical events, specific writers and their individual style; the development of a parable as an independent type of text and discourse took place under the influence the mentioned above. It is determined that during this period it is difficult to distinguish the English parable in a separate genre of literature of that time, but the authentic English parable confidently functioned as metatext in the great texts of the Middle Ages. Several parable contexts were observed in one text. The article outlines the results of the study and gives examples of texts of a certain era. The general stylistic and synergetic characteristics of the investigated texts are singled out and their classification according to thematic groups is presented: condemnation of negative human traits, relations of God and mankind, interpretation of spiritual truth and moral values. From the synergetic point of view, thematic groups are thematic attractors that contribute to the development and existence with its functional meta-texts with parable elements. The study of English parable texts allowed us to identify of a number of stylistic devices and stylistic features. It is noted that stylistic attractors of the Middle Ages parables are as follows: prose and poetic form, rhetorical and logical-expressive style. The results of scientific work determine the broad perspectives of further research, in particular the study of the English parable in diachrony from the synergetic point of view, as well as the analysis and comparison of the texts of the following centuries with the systematization of their general and specific features

Synchrone and diachrone aspects of enantiosemy

The phenomenon of semantic shifts in the lexical meaning of a word in the language system is known as enantiosemy. Notwithstanding an increased attention to the problem of enantiosemy by scholars (Benkovičová (1993), Böhmerová (1997), Traugott (2006), Liberman (2009) et al.) there is still no generally accepted definition of enantiosemy. Our research is motivated by the necessity to determine its status in linguistics. The objective of the paper is threefold: to clarify its niche in language structure; to decompose the lexical meaning of the enantiosemes, and differentiate its types in discourse. The discourse analysis proves the influence of discourse register on the shifts of the semantic meaning components in the lexical meaning of the referred units. The enantiosemy is the coexistence of apparently contradictory components in the word lexical meaning (Traugott, 2006), cf.: it constitutes a special form of ambiguity (Gambarara, 2013). We define the enantiosemy as a lexical category that is based on the semantic component opposition in the lexical structure of the word. The following types of enantiosemy are singled out: lexical; semantic; phraseological; evaluative; and stylistic or ironic. Enantiosemy is based on the existence of the two opposite meanings in one lexeme that appear in the circle of a language unit. It arises from semantic shifts when the semantic meaning of a lexeme splits with the formation of two opposite meanings. Analysis of enantiosemy reveals some analogous groups in the sense of relation of opposition. And due to the coexistence of opposite components (negatively-marked and positively-marked) in the semantics of place name it can be viewed as enantiosemic unit and the shift between components according to the discourse register is shown. The status of enantiosemy among related linguistic phenomena is determined in the paper.

HYPERCONCEPT EUROPEANNESS IN THE MIRROR OF FRAME ANALYSIS

The present study is devoted to the investigation of the semantic content and axiological characteristics of hyperconcept EUROPEANNESS in the modern Ukrainian political linguoculture. Without any doubt the hyperconcept in focus might be qualified as one of the most important concepts of the contemporary Ukrainian institutional political discourse. In the institutional political discourse hyperconcept EUROPEANNESS сomes up as the universal, status and ideologically engaged phenomenon that could be looked upon as a specific Ukrainian world-view constant, which plays a role of a powerful idiologeme in our political times and actually determines Ukrainian social and political reality. It creates a peculiar ideal and virtual space of Ukrainians’ existence, outlining the norms and the rules of the proper behaviour in the civil society both for the ordinary people and circles of administrative power in the context of Western model of democratic society. The frame-slot analysis has shown that the hyperconcept EUROPEANNESS is realized by the individually oriented hypoconcept DESIRE TO BE FREE. It led to the implementation of socially oriented hypoconcepts, such as LIBERTY, DEMOCRACY, REFORMS and STANDARDS. With the help of contextual analysis it was shown that socially oriented hypoconcepts possess the estimative component, that gives grounds for qualifying them in the terms of evaluative concepts: safety, welfare, well-being, justice, equality and dignity. The frame-slot analysis had confirmed the fact of partial lack of European realities and values in the contemporary Ukrainian society. However, for the Ukrainians they appear to be a dream and an ideal, a natural desire and a sort of motivation for the better life, which might be only achieved on the way of radical changes in the structure and axiological content of the Ukrainian state.

The intensity of combinability of lexical-semantic groups of adjectives with lexical-semantic groups of nouns in the belle-lettres discourse of the modern English language

The article deals with the study of semantic combinability of adjectives with nouns in the English belle-lettres discourse. This aim covers distinguishing and analysis of the factors that influence on combinability. Linguistic, extralinguistic factors, the belle-lettres discourse are considered. The object of the investigation is semantic combinability of adjectives with nouns in the texts of belle-lettres discourse. The subject of the investigation is statistically meaningful ties on the semantic level. ʺ In our study the statistical method was used such as χ² – which shows presence or absence of a tie. In such a way standard elements of contextual sets of lexical-semantic groups (LSG) of adjectives were found. The coefficient K indicates the force (intensity) of ties. Due to it the ties are divided into strong, mean and weak ones. Statistically meaningful ties of LSG of adjectives with LSG of nouns were analyzed. Strong ties were considered and factors that influence on the force of a tie were studied. Distinguishing of standard ties for every LSG of adjectives gave a possibility to determine peculiarities of the given ties for the belle-lettres discourse. Predominance of the language factor influence over the belle-lettres discourse factor causes a strong tie though it is not considered characteristic or has a specific feature which is appropriate to the belle-lettres discourse though such signs are distinguished in the belle-lettres discourse as LSG of adjectives ʺAge, timeʺ with LSG of nouns ʺPiece of time, day, period, seasonʺ, ʺGeographical positionʺ with Geographical objects, administrative unitsʺ, ʺSpace value as to the length, distance, durationʺ with ʺPiece of time, day, period, seasonʺ, ʺComposition, material of object ʺ with ʺThings, mechanismsʺ. The force of a tie is influenced by both language factors and needs and demands of the the belle-lettres discourse. The following ties were distinguished which are characteristic for the belle-lettres discourse: LSG of adjectives ʺColour and brightnessʺ with LSG of nouns ʺParts of the bodyʺ, ʺAppearance of a manʺ with ʺParts of the bodyʺ, signs of clothes as to colour and material, ʺTemperatureʺ with ʺNatural phenomenaʺ. Specificity of combinability of adjectives with nouns on semantic level is caused not only by linguistic and extralinguistic factors but also the influence of the belle-lettres discourse.

FORMAL AND FUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE INTERRUPTION-REPAIRS IN SPEECH INTERACTION

The paper provides the study of the phenomenon of interruption as repair in Мodern English dialogical discourse. The article outlines the analysis of the interruption-repairs from the point of view of their formal and functional characteristics. The serearch presents the complex methodolody, wich consists of the method of text interpretation, methods of deduction and synthesis, contextual, pragmalinguistic and functional methods, semantic method, which is aimed at studying speech realisation of the interruption-repairs by certain verbal means. It was stated that the interruption-repairs may have varied forms: correction, repetitions (full or partial), what-queries, paraphrases, echo questions, explicit recognition of misunderstanding, requests to confirm the correctness of vision of a situation in a certain light, conjectures or beliefs. The paper introduces the following basic types of the interruption-repairs depending on its functional peculiarities: interruption-correction, asking for clarification, explanations and additions / specifications in accordance with the needs of the communicator who interrupts a partner. The results obtained illustrate that the basic model of the interruption-repairs can be depicted in the following way: the emergence of the need for repair – repair – reaction to repair. According to the results of the research, the interruption-repairs are amplified by the phenomenon of the second utterance that depict the reaction of the speech recipient, presupposing the semantics of consent, negation and assumption, disclosure, refutation, justification, or refusal. The conducted research helps to acknowledge that the interruption-repairs contribute to overcoming communicative failures and cognitive dissonance, which is the key to a productive, successful communicative interaction. The prospects for study consist in further investigation of age characteristics, non-verbal means of the interruption, as well as strategies and tactics, which are involved in responding to the speech interruptions, that will allow a more detailed study of an addressee factor.

ZUM SPRACHWECHSEL IN DER ZEITGENÖSSISCHEN „MIGRATIONSLITERATUR“ SLAWISCH-RUSSISCHER PROVENIENZ

The main topic of this article is migration literature written in German mainly by writers of Slavonic-Russian descent. Language as well as switching language in literature is a crucial problem in émigré literature, in migration literature, and refugee literature. Most authors of the children / grandchildren generation of (e)migrants writing in German do not ignore the language of their parents / grandparents, even not in extreme cases of denying their family roots. The new languages in which these literary texts are written are often considered as a useful tool to express unsaid or tabooed problems. Using the German language such kind of works may often find themselves in a no man’s land between languages, cultures and literatures; evaluated often as intercultural or hybrid texts. Bi- and multilingualism are seen as essential conditions for an effective integration, as a conscious choice generating fluid, double or multiple identities. Linguistically seen often interesting language interactions, wordplays, and verbal wits may occur. The literary characters in these texts are often identified or associated with their authors, as a special type of reception or reading strategy influenced by intensified traces in texts. The refugee crisis represents another challenge of the mention literary topic in transformation and continuity for writers as well as for (literary) scholars.

Stylistic load of diminutives in Taras Shevchenko's poetry

The article presents the results of a stylistic analysis of diminutives in Taras Shevchenko's poetry. The paper describes parametrization of such concepts as "diminutiveness" and "diminutives ". Derivational transformation of the generic word in the direction of the formation of the diminutive is not accompanied by the modification of its denotative meaning, but in this way, a very substantial emotional and appraisal information is introduced, that is often important like the conceptual one. Besides marking the cute, diminutives also signal the emotions of the speaker, arising as a result of evaluating certain features of the object, as a result of the fact of the personal attitude of the addressee or determined by the situation of speech and in order to create an expressive background. Many emotional and evaluative suffixes add to the semantics of the word a positive author's assessment. The presence of units with diminutive suffixes marks the text as proximity to the conversational language. Diminutive-caress suffixes belong to the tool by which the actualization of the national specificity of the Ukrainian language is carried out representing the category of diminutiveness. It is absolutely logical, that Ukrainians use reduced-cuddling entities in the speech practice as a unit of world poetry inventory. Units of diminutives in T. Shevchenko's poetry are used quite often. This paper shows the inventory of diminutive-lustful suffixes with which the investigated derivatives function. Their performance is determined. It is established, that the lion's share of words of the analyzed type are nouns. The suffix -оньк- / -еньк- form the largest number of them. The suffix -к- is the second largest group with diminutives. The rest of the groups are few. The stylistic effects, which lead to the use of one or another dementia, are found. It is determined that the most frequently used words of the analyzed type embody the functional-semantic, communicative-pragmatic category of intimization.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ФЛУКТУАЦИИ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА РЕЧЕМЫШЛЕНИЯ И МЫСЛЕДЕЙСТВИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

In the paper, the authors outline the logic and results of the theoretical advancement of methodological foundations of linguistic interdisciplinary experimental studies viewed from the standpoint of speech energetics theory. The presented methodology is aimed at defining qualitative and quantitative regularities of the emotional-and-pragmatic potential actualization in the self-developing processes of human speaking-and-thinking and thinking-and-acting activities. On the basis of the universal model of these processes’ self-development, the paper substantiates a step-by-step logic of a grid of coordinates formation (emotional potential – pragmatic potential – time of the self-developing process) for graphic modeling and mathematical processing of energetically dynamic characteristics of speaking-and-thinking and thinking-and-acting activities in the individual’s spiritual sphere. The authors show the possibilities of constructing one or more attractor-structures within the obtained coordinates as well as the changes of the scale of their consideration, the suitability of the model for considering other attractor-structures, whose bifurcation points (concepts) can be of any nature and level of abstraction. The paper outlines broad prospects for the considered model application in the study of psycho-energetic processes of the individual’s speaking-and-thinking and thinking-and-acting activities.

HASHTAGS AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF THE INTERNET DISCOURSE

Internet communication and Internet discourse is the subject of study of many disciplines: sociology, psychology, management, rhetoric, journalism and some others. But the linguistic aspect of Being a universal means of mass and individual communication, Internet discourse enabled the instantaneous transmission of information regardless of distance and geographic location. A huge virtual area of the Internet offers the user a wide range of platforms: media, blogs, information sites, cinema, literature, wikis projects, shops and auctions, advertising, payment and search engines, e-mail, chats, forums, messengers, social networks, radio, television, information portals, etc. Internet communication is characterized by the following features: 1) polyphony; 2) Hypertext and interactive features of the Network; 3) anonymity and distantness. Internet discourse, like any other type of discourse, is characterized by a number of structural and lexical-grammatical features. A hashtag is a label for content. It helps others who are interested in a certain topic, quickly find content on that same topic. People use hashtags in their Instagram and Twitter posts but there is not enough knowledge about their real meaning and what they are used for. According to its structure, a hashtag can be a single word, an abbreviation, an invented combination of letters and numbers, or a phrase. If it is a phrase, there can be no spaces between words. All letters and numbers must run together without spaces in a hashtag. It is not possible to have punctuation or symbols in your hashtag (other than the # symbol at the beginning). Numbers are allowed, but it is necessary to have at least one letter with the numbers — hashtags cannot consist entirely of numbers. According to its meaning, a hashtag can be related to a great variety of topics: private life, personal characteristics, nature, holidays, events, activities, emotions, travelling and many others.

THE CONCEPT OF MILKY WAY IN LINGUOSEMIOTIC AND NARRATIVE INTERPRETATION

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