scholarly journals Pembuatan Biodisel dari Minyak Jarak dengan Metode TransesterifikasI Menggunakan Etanol Teknis dan Metanol PA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Saripah sobah ◽  
Muhammad Naufal Ariq H ◽  
Siahaan Theresia
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
A Value ◽  
Product Test ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Castor Seeds

Increased fuel use can lead to air pollution and other environmental impacts. Substitution of fuel Oil with environmentally friendly fuel alternatives is one solution. Castor oil (Jatropha curcas L) contained in castor seeds can be processed into biodiesel with transesterification process. The most widely used alcohol in the manufacture of biodiesel is methanol. Methanol is made from a material that is not renewable. While ethanol from renewable materials and pure ethanol are expensive. In this study used campurn ethanol to reduce the use of methanol. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimum comparison of methanol-ethanol. The manufacture of biodicells is carried out by a 2-stage process, namely the esterification process and the transesterification process. The esterification process uses HCL catalysts. The transesterification process uses a comparison of methanol and ethanol with variations of 3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2 and 1:3. The catalyst used in the transesterification process is KOH 0.1%. The results showed that the optimum condition in the use of methanol: Technical Etahol is 2:1 within 30 minutes, yielding a yield of 56.1%.  The quality test score of type weight and viscosity shows a value of 0.86-0.89 g/mL and 2.9-3.5 so that the results of the study are declared to pass the product test with density and viscosity test standards

scholarly journals Production of biodiesel from babassu oil using methanol-ethanol blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Fernando Carvalho Silva ◽  
Kiany Sirley Brandão Cavalcante ◽  
Hilton Costa Louzeiro ◽  
Katia Regina Marques Moura ◽  
Adeilton Pereira Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
A Value ◽  
Oil Plant ◽  
Ethanol Blends

Maranhão state in Brazil presents a big potential for the cultivation of several oleaginous species, such as babassu, soybean, castor oil plant, etc... These vegetable oils can be transformed into biodiesel by the transesterification reaction in an alkaline medium, using methanol or ethanol. The biodiesel production from a blend of these alcohols is a way of adding the technical and economical advantages of methanol to the environmental advantages of ethanol. The optimized alcohol blend was observed to be a methanol/ethanol volume ratio of 80 % MeOH: 20 % EtOH. The ester content was of 98.70 %, a value higher than the target of the ANP, 96.5 % (m/m), and the biodiesel mass yield was of 95.32 %. This biodiesel fulfills the specifications of moisture, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity and percentages of free alcohols (methanol plus ethanol) and free glycerin.

scholarly journals Performance Test of a Household Rocket Stoves Fired with Coconut Frond, Coconut Shell and Bamboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Almuzakkir . ◽  
Muhammad . ◽  
Adi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
A Value

Fuel is something that is very important in everyday life. Almost every human being needs fuel to meet their needs and support their activities, for example cooking in household needs. Currently, fossil fuels or fuel oil (BBM) are still widely used to meet demand, however, it should be noted that fossil fuels or fuel oil (BBM) are non-renewable natural resources. The biomass rocket stove is one of the modern stove innovations that uses biomass energy as the main energy source. Rocket stoves are designed to increase fuel efficiency with thermal efficiency, a combination of the increased combustion efficiency and heat transfer associated with burning briquette fuel. The purpose of this research is to design and manufacture rocket stove fired with coconut and bamboo biomass for household needs as well as developing methods and equipment for performance testing of rocket stoves. In this study, several steps were carried out, including designing a rocket furnace, selecting biomass fuel and testing the performance of a rocket furnace. From the design of the biomass stove, it is noteworthy that the design with two holes makes the combustion air easily enters and makes combustion in the furnace more perfect and efficient. Water boiling test using three types of solid fuels with the cold start condition suggested that the highest thermal efficiency was coconut fronds with a value of 38% and the lowest thermal efficiency was found from coconut shell combustion, i.e. 22%. During hot start test, the highest thermal efficiency was obtained from coconut fronds firing with a value of 41%. Moreover, with simmer water boiling test method, firing the rocket stove with coconut fronds showed the highest thermal efficiency with a value of 37%. Keywords: Rocket Stoves, Coconut Fronds and Shells, Bamboo, Thermal Efficiency, .Water Boiling Tests.

In situ lipolysis of castor oil in homogenised castor seeds

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. S. A. Rao ◽  
M. M. Paulose ◽  
G. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Castor Seeds

scholarly journals The Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide out of Cigarettes

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Baker ◽  
R.A. Crellin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Radial Diffusion ◽  
Formation Region ◽  
A Value ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
And Diffusion

AbstractIn some cigarette designs, diffusion of carbon monoxide out of a cigarette as the gases are drawn from their formation region towards the mouth end of the cigarette is more important than air dilution in controlling carbon monoxide mainstream delivery. The diffusion is a three-stage process: radial diffusion through the tobacco bed, diffusion through the paper, and diffusion away from the outer surface of the paper. Measurements have been made of the diffusion coefficient of carbon monoxide through paper, and the diffusion coefficient from the cigarette. The former has a value of 4.4 × 10

scholarly journals Test Score or Student Progress? A Value-Added Evaluation of School Effectiveness in Urban China

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-377
Author(s):  
Pai Peng ◽  
Jan Hochweber ◽  
Eckhard Klieme
Keyword(s):  
Test Score ◽  
School Effectiveness ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Student Progress ◽  
A Value

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of castor oil from castor seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2516-2522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Atirah Ibrahim ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Castor Seeds

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION OF CASTOR OIL WITH CALCIUM OXIDE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Musa Idris Atadashi ◽  
Thomas Akummadzna Darius
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Castor Seeds

Castor seeds were processed and the oil was extracted from the paste by cold pressing and the yield obtained was 42.80%. Moisture content of 4.38% was found. The crude oil was obtained as clear, viscous, pale-yellow liquid. of crude castor oil with methanol to produce in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst was carried out. This study the fuel properties of ; the FTIR spectrum for the revealed the functional groups with characteristics bands, C=O, (CH2) n-, C-O, C=C, OH and C-H in the spectrum. From the result of the FTIR and GC-MS, the methyl ester groups present in the produced was determined and 9-Octadecenoic acid-12-hydroxy- methyl ester was identified as the most abundant compound in the which have all the functional groups as revealed by the FTIR. The experimental design as well as statistical analysis were done and using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design expert 12.0 version software which was also used for the optimization of the three process parameters. The optimum conditions for production were a reaction temperature of 620C, methanol to oil ratio of 11:1 and a catalyst of 3.5 of oil at 1hour. The content under these optimum conditions was 54%. R2 value of 0.9996 was obtained showing good fitting

scholarly journals METODE PICTURE AND PICTURE KARTU GRAFIK FUNGSI SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IX MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH NEGERI 1 LANGKAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yuti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Test Score ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
T Test ◽  
A Value ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Quantitative Data Analysis ◽  
Function Graph ◽  
Test Picture ◽  
Improve Student Learning

The results of classroom action research (PTK) show that the value acquisition has increased very well, where the results of this study use quantitative data analysis with 32 respondents from class IX-1 as samples, while data management uses the product moment formula and the t test. Picture And Picture function graph card as a medium for learning mathematics for grade IX students at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Langkat, it can improve student learning outcomes in mathematics, this can be seen from the results of daily exams, the correlation of arithmetic results in the first cycle between pre-test scores (pre-test) with the block I test score of 0.798, and the t test of 7.262, and the correlation of the calculated results in the second cycle between the block I test score and the block II test score of 0.899, and the t test of 11.26, it can also increase student activity in mathematics This can be seen from the activity of students in participating in the mathematics learning process with a value of 88% attendance at the beginning of the action, increased to 95% attendance in the first cycle, and increased again to 100% attendance in the second cycle, because students enjoy making and playing graphic cards. Function, so that it is fun for students in learning mathematics. Keywords: Picture and Picture Method, Function Graphic Card, Mathematics Learning Media

scholarly journals REKAYASA KOLEKTOR SURYA DAN KOMPOR LPG PADA PENGOVENAN DAUN TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
SAMSURI TIRTOSASTRO ◽  
DARMONO DARMONO ◽  
SUBANDI SUBANDI
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
A Value ◽  
Liquid Petroleum Gas ◽  
The Government

<p><strong>Engineering of solar collector and LPG-burner for curing Virginia tobacco</strong></p><p>Indonesia produces 30 tones of Hue cured tobacco every year. Curing Virginia tobacco needs I 29 I kerosene per I kg cured leaves, thus lo process 30 tones cured leaves, it needs 38.7 liter kerosene with a value ol Rp 1 5.5 billion per year Kerosene as a source of energy is used for house hold in Ihe village and it is highly subsidized by the government. For such industries as tobacco processing other sources of energy are available, including gas oil, diesel oil and fuel oil, solar energy, coal, and liquid petroleum gas This study was aimed at designing solar collector and LPG buner suitable lor Virginia tobacco flue curing. Tobacco leaves were cured in a curing barn with LPG as a fuel, while the solar collector was installed on Ihe roof of Ihe barn. The size of the curing barn was 4 m x 4 m x 7 m with a capacity of iwo tones fresh leaves. The LPG-burner used was BA'I'/Baliltas-I, with was specially designed for lobacco curing barn ('nring method followed Ihe standard method practiced by farmers The experiment was conducted al IT Sadhana Arif Nusa. Has! Lombok. NTR from Angus! lo September 1997 The rcsull of experiment was evaluated holh from technical and economical aspects. The used of LPG combined with solar collector as the source of energy could reach Ihe required temperatures (J0-70°(.) during curing phases LPG consumption was 0.86 kg/ kg cured leaves, and solar energy contributed 6.48% of total energy required for curing process From economical view, the used of LPG and solar energy was not profitable. This was mainly due to Ihe high prices of LPG (Rp I 000 /kg) LPG-lank (Rp 1 600 000/unit) and roof- solar collector (Rp I 500 000 per unit).</p>

scholarly journals Production of biodiesel from babassu oil using methanol-ethanol blends

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Silva ◽  
K. S. B. Cavalcante ◽  
H. C. Louzeiro ◽  
K. R. M. Moura ◽  
A. P. Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
A Value ◽  
Oil Plant ◽  
Ethanol Blends

Maranhão state in Brazil presents a big potential for the cultivation of several oleaginous species, such as babassu, soybean, castor oil plant, etc... These vegetable oils can be transformed into biodiesel by the transesterification reaction in an alkaline medium, using methanol or ethanol. The biodiesel production from a blend of these alcohols is a way of adding the technical and economical advantages of methanol to the environmental advantages of ethanol. The optimized alcohol blend was observed to be a methanol/ethanol volume ratio of 80 % MeOH: 20 % EtOH. The ester content was of 98.70 %, a value higher than the target of the ANP, 96.5 % (m/m), and the biodiesel mass yield was of 95.32 %. This biodiesel fulfills the specifications of moisture, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity and percentages of free alcohols (methanol plus ethanol) and free glycerin.

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