Artifacts 1. Definition

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-167
Author(s):  
Serghey Gherdjikov
Keyword(s):  
Real Object ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Digital Simulations

In this paper I present a definition of artifact based on cases of philosophical and scientifical use: anthropogenic abiotic virtual or real object with meaning and/or function. This definition is proposed in a new dimension: real–virtual, which purports to replace the classical opposition material–ideal as a better way of defining what an artifact is. I consider as virtual here not only digital simulations, but all sign forms. I show that my definition works better in explaining artifacts. I follow empirical science as a technique of studying artifacts, and subscribe to the anthropological paradigm.

scholarly journals Authentic Montessori: The Dottoressa’s View at the End of Her Life Part I

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeline S Lillard ◽  
Virginia McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Oxford English Dictionary ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Educational Methods ◽  
Maria Montessori ◽  
Social Features ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
Definition Of

Maria Montessori developed a form of education in the first half of the last century that came to be called by her surname, and research indicates it often has positive outcomes. In the years since its development, tens of thousands of schools worldwide have called their programs Montessori, yet implementations vary widely, leading to confusion about what Montessori edu­cation is. Although there are varied opinions, here we use Dr. Montessori’s books and transcribed lectures to describe the conclusions of her work at her life’s end. We term this final conclusion authentic in the sense of “done in the traditional or original way,” (the primary definition of the adjective in Oxford English Dictionary, 2019). We do not claim that the original is superior to variants; this is an issue for empirical science. Our overarching goal is to provide researchers, policy makers, administrators, teachers, and parents with a benchmark from which to measure and evaluate variations from the education method Dr. Montessori bequeathed at the end of her life. In the ongoing search for alternative educational methods, the time-honored and burgeoning Mon­tessori system is of considerable interest. Dr. Montessori conceptualized the system as a triangle for which the environment, the teacher, and the child formed the legs. Part I of this two-part article examines Dr. Montessori’s view of what constitutes the environment, in terms of its material, tem­poral, and social features. An appendix to Part II summarizes the features. In the ongoing search for alternative educational methods, the time-honored and burgeoning Montessori system is of considerable interest. Dr. Montessori conceptualized the system as a triangle for which the environment, the teacher, and the child formed the legs. Part I of this two-part article examines Dr. Montessori’s view of what constitutes the environment, in terms of its material, temporal, and social features. An appendix to Part II summarizes the features.

Spatial position and perceived color of objects

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Romi Nijhawan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Position ◽  
Real Object ◽  
Real Objects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Perceived Color

AbstractVisual percepts are called veridical when a “real” object can be identified as their cause, and illusions otherwise. The perceived position and color of a flashed object may be called veridical or illusory depending on which viewpoint one adopts. Since “reality” is assumed to be fixed (independent of viewpoint) in the definition of veridicality (or illusion), this suggests that “perceived” position and color are not properties of “real” objects.

scholarly journals Towards a More Well-Founded Cosmology

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1005-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Traunmüller
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Modified Newtonian Dynamics ◽  
Universe Expand ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

AbstractFirst, this paper broaches the definition of science and the epistemic yield of tenets and approaches: phenomenological (descriptive only), well founded (solid first principles, conducive to deep understanding), provisional (falsifiable if universal, verifiable if existential), and imaginary (fictitious entities or processes, conducive to empirically unsupported beliefs). The Big Bang paradigm and the ΛCDM ‘concordance model’ involve such beliefs: the emanation of the universe out of a non-physical stage, cosmic inflation (hardly testable), Λ (fictitious energy), and ‘exotic’ dark matter. They fail in the confidence check that empirical science requires. They also face a problem in delimiting what expands from what does not. In the more well-founded cosmology that emerges, energy is conserved, the universe is persistent (not transient), and the ‘perfect cosmological principle’ holds. Waves and other field perturbations that propagate at c (the escape velocity of the universe) expand exponentially with distance. This results from gravitation. The galaxy web does not expand. Potential Φ varies as −H/(cz) instead of −1/r. Inertial forces reflect gradients present in comoving frames of accelerated bodies (interaction with the rest of the universe – not with space). They are increased where the universe appears blue-shifted and decreased more than proportionately at very low accelerations. A cut-off acceleration a0 = 0.168 cH is deduced. This explains the successful description of galaxy rotation curves by “Modified Newtonian Dynamics”. A fully elaborated physical theory is still pending. The recycling of energy via a cosmic ocean filled with photons (the cosmic microwave background), neutrinos and gravitons, and the wider implications for science are briefly discussed.

A purely syntactical definition of confirmation

1943 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl G. Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Empirical Hypothesis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given

The concept of confirmation occupies a central position in the methodology of empirical science. For it is the distinctive characteristic of an empirical hypothesis to be amenable, at least in principle, to a test based on suitable observations or experiments; the empirical data obtained in a test—or, as we shall prefer to say, the observation sentences describing those data—may then either confirm or disconfirm the given hypothesis, or they may be neutral with respect to it. To say that certain observation sentences confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis, does not, of course, generally mean that those observation sentences suffice strictly to prove or to refute the hypothesis in question, but rather that they constitute favorable, or unfavorable, evidence for it; and the term “neutral” is to indicate that the observation sentences are either entirely irrelevant to the hypothesis, or at least insufficient to strengthen or weaken it.

scholarly journals Williama Goldinga Siłą bezwładu w perspektywie ontologii zorientowanej na przedmiot

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kowalcze
Keyword(s):  
Object Oriented ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Real Object ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
The Real ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Main Protagonist ◽  
Object Oriented Ontology

The paper applies selected devices of the methodology of Object-Oriented Ontology to study William Golding’s novel Free Fall. Particular attention is given to Graham Harman’s project, whose definition of an object accounts for all beings, humans included. Within the ontological structure of an object two components can be distinguished: the “sensual object”, which can engage in relationships with other objects, and the “real object”, which refrains from any connections. The author aims to show how the main protagonist of Golding’s novel is impacted on by material objects, how other humans are perceived by him as inherently dual beings, but most importantly how the protagonist himself discovers the thing-like quality of his own human condition.

The Methodology of the Modernists: Process in American Protestantism

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Lofton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
American Protestantism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shared Commitment ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
Modern Era

Scholarship on early-twentieth-century American Protestant modernism appears to have arrived at an impasse. Although scholars continue to explore the biographical contours of modernist individuals, and theologians still review the capacity of modernist theologies, the body of analytical scholarship on the “modernist impulse” has failed to keep apace with the glut of materials addressing its fraternal twin, fundamentalism. Published in 1976, William Hutchison's The Modernist Impulse in American Protestantism remains the last significant historical commentary on the cultural and intellectual dynamics of Protestant modernism. In that masterful exegesis, Hutchison supplied the classic definition of this impulse, arguing that despite the diversity of its participants and complexity of their thought, the modernist movement in America could be accurately summarized as a shared commitment to cultural adaptation, God's immanent role in human development, and a postmillennial progressivism. While this tripartite formulation still provides the authoritative elucidation of early-twentieth-century Protestant thought, a reappraisal of the modernist canon reveals that Christian liberals not only were invested in theological overhaul and intellectual malleability, but also persistently specified an elaborate methodological structure for belief. In works such as Minot Savage's Jesus and Modern Life (1898), Margaret Benson's The Venture of Rational Faith (1908), Douglas Clyde Macintosh's Theology as an Empirical Science (1919), J. Macbride Sterrett's Modernism in Religion (1922), and Henry Nelson Wieman's The Wrestle of Religion with Truth (1927), seminarians and ministers offered detailed descriptions of how Protestants should think in the modern era. These were not expansive tracts bent on exploring the fluid boundaries of faith in a plural culture; rather, these were precise, pointed exhortations on the virtue of scrupulous historical research, scriptural comparison, and relentless self-examination. Rather than continue to translate Protestant modernism as cultural acquiescence and enthusiastic historicism, this essay suggests that a recalibrated portrait of this movement is needed.

THEORETICAL DIMENSION OF INFORMATION-DIGITAL ECONOMY: FOUNDATIONS AND SYSTEM OF PRIMARY INFORMATION PHENOMENA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Viktor TARASEVYCH ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Real Object ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Information Product ◽  
Information Activity ◽  
Information Products ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Theoretical Dimension

The activity-knowledge noumenons of primary information and information-digital phenomena in the context of the theoretical dimension of information-digital economy in the conditions of modern co-revolution are theoretically considered. The cognitive origins and bases of the specified phenomena are examined. An information phenomenon or product is presented as a sign of a cognitive image of a cognizeable object. The general and special features of knowledge, knowledge-information, knowledge-concept and information products are determined. The main types of cognitive activity (integral-synthetic, cognitive, cognitive-informational, cognitive-conceptual, cognitive-informational, sensory-emotional, empirical-abstract, theoretical-abstract, applied) and their corresponding results (products) are characterized. A system of integral-synthetic as well as integral (sensory-emotional, empirical-abstract, theoretical-abstract, applied) and partial (visual, audible, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, etc.) primary information products as the results of the respective types of information activity is presented. The knowledge-information “chain” consisting of the corresponding knowledge and information products is presented. The basic principles of actual information activity are formulated, in particular: i) completeness of expression of real object in knowledge-information, knowledge-conceptual and information products; ii) the adequacy or conformity of the knowledge product to the real object, the knowledge-information product – the knowledge product, the conceptual and information products––the knowledge-information product; iii) rigid binding: a) to a certain layer of the object (object as a whole) corresponding to a single knowledge product; b) to the latter – the corresponding single conceptual product; c) to this product – the corresponding single information product. Quantitative evaluation of an information product on the basis of definition of degree of completeness of designation by this product (phenomenon) of the corresponding knowledge product (noumenon) is proposed.

Notes on the design process of a responsive sun-shading system: A case study of designer and user explorations supported by computational tools

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Velasco ◽  
Rubén Hernández ◽  
Nicolás Marrugo ◽  
César Díaz
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
System A ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Unit Module ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Digital Simulations

AbstractResponding to growing concerns regarding energy-efficient facades, this paper describes the structure and process followed in the design of a responsive sun-shading system based on the use of rotating plates with two degrees of freedom. The proposal considers, among others, the definition of variable design parameters, areas of performance evaluation and control, and construction detailing development represented by a first 1:2 unit (module) model. In the process, computational simulation procedures were employed to explore configurational possibilities that would provide high-performance solutions to the light requirements of the particular covered spaces. In developing the system, it was noticed that due to the highly subjective requirements of users in terms of quantity and quality of lighting, a purely Boolean control system would not always be appropriate. Following from that, and taking advantage of the dynamic nature of the system, a further approach of control supported by fuzzy logic was also implemented at the operative state, whose logic is explained. Digital simulations were carried out to assess the performance of the system, and their results demonstrate more even light distribution levels compared to traditional systems.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

2.2. Working Group 2: Conceptual Definitions of Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Working Group ◽  
General Character ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Reference Coordinate System ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Earth Dynamics

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.

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