scholarly journals The Deadweight Costs of Operating and Capital Subsidies

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi Obeng
Keyword(s):  
Deadweight Loss ◽  
Labor Protection ◽  
Fleet Size ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Capital Subsidy ◽  
Operating Subsidy ◽  
Capital Subsidies

This paper determines the deadweight loss of operating and capital subsidies by extending Tullock's (1998) work. It finds that when both subsidies are received deadweight loss is 6.83% of total cost or $0.861 million on the average, $0.780 million when operating subsidy is received and $0.0503 million when capital subsidy is received. Decomposing the deadweight loss using regression shows that the incentive tier of the federal operating subsidy, federal labor protection, fleet size, and the number of maintenance facilities owned are positively associated with it while leasing maintenance facilities and absence of dedicated funding sources are negatively associated with it.

scholarly journals Early Postnatal Diet Differentially Affects the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome (FS04-02-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Brink ◽  
Sree Chintapalli ◽  
Kelly Mercer ◽  
Brian Piccolo ◽  
Sean Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Taxonomic Level ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Diet Type

Abstract Objectives Infants who receive breastmilk have better immune response compared to formula fed children in part due to differences in their gut microbiome and metabolome. The aim of the study is to describe microbiota and metabolome differences and associations between these factors’ in 3 and 12 month old infants who exclusively received breast milk (BM) or either soy (SF) or dairy (DF) formula until 4 months of age. Methods Samples from 3 month old infants (BM = 10, DF = 8, SF = 9) and 12 month old infants (BM = 22, DF = 12, SF = 10) were obtained from infants fed formula or BM exclusively for 4 months. Fecal metabolomics and microbiota were assessed by LC-MS and 16s rRNA sequencing, respectively. Data analyses were conducted using standardized pipelines (QIIME 1.9, R, and Metabo-Analyst). Results At 3 months of age, both the fecal microbiome and metabolites were affected by diet. The BM group had the lowest microbial diversity (Shannon index) and the SF had the highest diversity (P < 0.01) at genera taxonomic level while DF fell in the middle. There were 41 metabolites affected by diet at 3 months of age (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05). Hippuric, succinic, lactic and uric acids were higher in the BM group and butyric and propionic acids were higher in the formula groups (P < 0.01). Correlation analyses revealed extensive associations within each diet type. For instance, we observed positive associations between succinic acid and Lactobacillus in BM group and lactic acid with Salmonella and Clostridium in SF group. Streptococcus and butyric acid in the DF, and Bifidobacterium and indole-2-carboxylic acid in the SF were negatively associated. At 12 months of age, there were no differences in microbial diversity and only fecal inosine remained significantly (P < 0.05) different among the diet groups. This metabolite was found to be negatively associated with Bifidobacterium in the breastfed group (P < 0.01). Conclusions There is a strong effect of diet on the fecal metabolome and microbiota at 3 months of age. Additionally, multiple associations between the two across various diets are apparent, suggesting that differences in specific gut bacteria influence the metabolite milieu. Future mechanistic studies will examine the roles of microbiota and metabolites in immune function. Funding Sources USDA-ARS Project 6251-51000-010-05S and NIH P20GM121293.

scholarly journals Effects of Persistent Undernutrition During Adolescence on Learning Skills: Findings From a Longitudinal Study of 16,000 Adolescents in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 695-695
Author(s):  
Monika Walia ◽  
Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Anjali Pant ◽  
Purnima Menon ◽  
Samuel Scott
Keyword(s):  
Reading Ability ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Learning Skills ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Growth Faltering ◽  
Division Problems ◽  
Gates Foundation

Abstract Objectives Limited evidence exists on longitudinal impacts of undernutrition on learning skills as adolescents mature. This study aimed to examine the effect of undernutrition in early adolescence on learning skills in late adolescence. Methods We used longitudinal data from a project called UDAYA that surveyed 16,929 adolescents aged 10–19 years from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India in 2015–16 (wave 1) and again in 2018–19 (wave 2). Adolescents’ ability to read a story and solve division problems at age 19–22 years was assessed using the Annual Status of Education Report tools. We characterized adolescents’ nutrition status into 4 groups: never undernourished (e.g., not stunted in wave 1 and 2), recovered (e.g., stunted in in wave 1 but not stunted in wave 2), faltered (e.g., not stunted in wave 1 but stunted in wave 2), and persistent (e.g., stunted in both waves). These 4 groups were created for stunting, thinness, and anemia. We used multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for key demographics, environmental factors, and sampling design. Results Undernutriton was high (51% were anemic, 19% thin, and 36% stunted) in both survey rounds. Nearly one third of adolescents had persistent stunting or anemia, and 11% had persistent thinness. Compared to those who were never stunted, adolescents with persistent stunting had poorer reading (adjusted odds ratio: 0.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.53–0.83) and math (0.70, 0.56–0.89) skills. Reading ability was also poorer in adolescents who experienced growth faltering (0.61, 0.42–0.90) or who were stunted in wave 1 but not stunted in wave 2 (0.64, 0.44–0.93). Persistent thinness was negatively associated with reading (0.71, 0.54–0.93) but not math skills. Persistent anemia was also negatively associated with reading skills, but the association did not remain significant in the fully adjusted model. Conclusions In a high poverty sample of Indian adolescents, persistent undernutrition during adolescence was associated with poor learning skill. Promisingly, most of those who recovered from undernutrition in the 2–3 year period between surveys showed catch-up in learning. Ensuring appropriate nutrition during this period of rapid physical and cognitive maturation will yield long-term dividends for wellbeing. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Mixed Scheduling Model for Limited-Stop and Normal Bus Service with Fleet Size Constraint

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Jiang ◽  
Jianxiao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Significant Saving ◽  
Fleet Size ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Limited-stop service is useful to increase operation efficiency where the demand is unbalanced at different stops and unidirectional. A mixed scheduling model for limited-stop buses and normal buses is proposed considering the fleet size constraint. This model can optimize the total cost in terms of waiting time, in-vehicle time and operation cost by simultaneously adjusting the frequencies of limited-stop buses and normal buses. The feasibility and validity of the proposed model is shown by applying it to one bus route in the city of Zhenjiang, China. The results indicate that the mixed scheduling service can reduce the total cost and travel time compared with the single scheduling service in the case of unbalanced passenger flow distribution and fleet constraints. With a larger fleet, the mixed scheduling service is superior. There is an optimal fleet allocation that minimizes the cost for the system, and a significant saving could be attained by the mixed scheduling service. This study contributed to the depth analysis of the relationship among the influencing factors of mixed scheduling, such as fleet size constraint, departure interval and cost.

Assistive Technology for Cognition: Perspectives on Funding

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Kathy de Domingo
Keyword(s):  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Personal Digital Assistants ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Prosthetic Devices ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Ankle Foot Orthoses ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Communication Challenges

Physical and occupational therapists commonly provide services that incorporate prosthetic and orthotic devices such as crutches, canes, reachers, and ankle–foot orthoses to support mobility and activities of daily living (ADLs). Likewise, speech-language pathologists provide services incorporating prosthetic devices to support communication such as an electrolarynx, microcomputers, and mobile devices and apps with voice output capability. Assistive technology for cognition (ATC) includes the use of personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablets, and smart phones — cognitive prostheses — to compensate for cognitive challenges following acquired brain injury (ABI). Whereas funding sources for devices and services that support/compensate for mobility, ADLs, and communication challenges are generally well established, funding for ATC devices and services is relatively new to the field of speech-language pathology. This article explores the funding aspect of ATC devices and services.

Responsible gambling:The need for collaborative government, industry, community and consumer involvement

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Blaszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Responsible Gambling ◽  
Consumer Involvement ◽  
Harm Minimization ◽  
Harm Minimisation ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Gambling Expenditure ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Industry Community

Abstract. Background: Tensions exist with various stakeholders facing competing interests in providing legal land-based and online regulated gambling products. Threats to revenue/taxation occur in response to harm minimisation and responsible gambling policies. Setting aside the concept of total prohibition, the objectives of responsible gambling are to encourage and/or restrict an individual’s gambling expenditure in terms of money and time to personally affordable limits. Stakeholder responsibilities: Governments craft the gambling environment through legislation, monitor compliance with regulatory requirements, and receive taxation revenue as a proportion of expenditure. Industry operators on the other hand, compete across market sectors through marketing and advertising, and through the development of commercially innovative products, reaping substantial financial rewards. Concurrently, governments are driven to respond to community pressures to minimize the range of negative gambling-related social, personal and economic harms and costs. Industry operators are exposed to the same pressures but additionally overlaid with the self-interest of avoiding the imposition of more stringent restrictive policies. Cooperation of stakeholders: The resulting tension between taxation revenue and profit making, harm minimization, and social impacts creates a climate of conflict between all involved parties. Data-driven policies become compromised by unsubstantiated claims of, and counter claims against, the nature and extent of gambling-related harms, effectiveness of policy strategies, with allegations of bias and influence associated with researchers supported by industry and government research funding sources. Conclusion: To effectively advance policies, it is argued that it is imperative that all parties collaborate in a cooperative manner to achieve the objectives of responsible gambling and harm minimization. This extends to and includes more transparent funding for researchers from both government and industry. Continued reliance on data collected from analogue populations or volunteers participating in simulated gambling tasks will not provide data capable of valid and reliable extrapolation to real gamblers in real venues risking their own funds. Failure to adhere to principles of corporate responsibility and consumer protection by both governments and industry will challenge the social licence to offer gambling products. Appropriate and transparent safeguards learnt from the tobacco and alcohol field, it is argued, can guide the conduct of gambling research.

Optimizing Diagnostic Test Sequences: The Probability Modifying Plot

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. de Vries Robbé ◽  
A. L. M. Verbeek ◽  
J. L. Severens
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Decision Trees ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Test Sequence ◽  
Optimal Sequence ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Modelling Techniques

Abstract:The problem of deciding the optimal sequence of diagnostic tests can be structured in decision trees, but unmanageable bushy decision trees result when the sequence of two or more tests is investigated. Most modelling techniques include tests on the basis of gain in certainty. The aim of this study was to explore a model for optimizing the sequence of diagnostic tests based on efficiency criteria. The probability modifying plot shows, when in a specific test sequence further testing is redundant and which costs are involved. In this way different sequences can be compared. The model is illustrated with data on urinary tract infection. The sequence of diagnostic tests was optimized on the basis of efficiency, which was either defined as the test sequence with the least number of tests or the least total cost for testing. Further research on the model is needed to handle current limitations.

Pengukuran Kinerja Supply Chain Menggunakan Supply Chain Operation Reference (Scor®) (Studi Kasus Koperasi Baitul Qiradh Baburrayyan)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raysa Aleyzia ◽  
Hasan Yudie Sastra
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Six Sigma ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Target Value ◽  
Chain Operation ◽  
Cost To Serve ◽  
Supply Chain Operation

Manajemen supply chain yang tidak maksimal akan mempengaruhi kinerja suatu perusahaan. Di Aceh Tengah terdapat suatu koperasi yaitu Koperasi Baitul Qiradh (KBQ) Baburrayyan yang sudah menerapkan manajemen supply chain. Koperasi ini bergerak di bisnis perdagangan biji kopi (green bean). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kinerja supply chain dari KBQ Baburrayyan. Metode yang digunakan adalah SCOR® dengan praktik perbaikan Convergence of SCOR® with Lean and Six Sigma. Target kinerja yang diperoleh untuk total cost to serve adalah sebesar 94,71% dari nilai target 65,00% dan untuk return on supply chain fixed asset adalah sebesar 1,60 dari nilai target 2,50. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penggunaan praktik tersebut adalah terdapat 8 akar penyebab waste di antaranya kurangnya tenaga pengawas, training/briefing belum maksimal, kurangnya kepedulian tentang pentingnya K3, layout yang kurang efisien, belum adanya unit penyuluhan, alat yang masih sederhana, pekerjaan yang monoton, dan tidak dilarang secara tegas.   Supply chain management that is not optimal will affect the performance of a company. In Central Aceh there is a cooperative namely Koperasi Baitul Qiradh (KBQ) Baburrayyan which has implemented supply chain management. This cooperative is engaged in the business of trading in green beans. This study aims to measure the supply chain performance of KBQ Baburrayyan. The method used is SCOR® with the practice of improving Convergence of SCOR® with Lean and Six Sigma. The performance target for total cost to serve is 94.71% of the target value of 65.00% and the return on supply chain fixed assets is 1.60 of the target value of 2.50. The results obtained from the use of the practice are that there are 8 root causes of waste including lack of supervisors, training / briefing is not maximal, lack of concern about the importance of K3, inefficient layouts, absence of extension units, simple tools, monotonous work, and not strictly prohibited.

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