scholarly journals Incidence of Child Labour and Child Schooling in India: Pattern and Determinants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saswati Das
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Early Entry ◽  
Formative Stage ◽  
And Gender

The issue of child labour is a frontline concern in India, as early entry into labour market at formative stage of life does mean absconding from proper schooling leading to loss of future scope of better livelihood, since the existing literature shows that there is wage premium for education in Indian labour market. In this perspective, this study aims to carry out a supply-side analysis towards examining the incidence and pattern of child labour and child schooling to test out regional and gender disparities, if any, in terms of these incidences. Socio-economic determinants across gender and region also have been identified for an everlasting way out of the crisis. The data-base utilized for the analysis has been extracted from the National Sample Survey on “Employment and Unemployment Situation in India” for the 61st large sample round (2004-2005). The pattern of child employment in a range of industries confirms the malfunctioning of lawful steps to save child labourers from mischief of occupational vulnerability. It also reveals significant discrepancy in incidence of child labour both across region and gender, but for schooling choice no considerable regional gap is substantiated.

Does Education Produce Identical Labour Market Outcomes for All? A Study on India

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-331
Author(s):  
Anjan Ray Chaudhury ◽  
Madhabendra Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multinomial Probit Model ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

According to the neoclassical economists, discrimination exists in the labour market if employers treat two equally qualified and skilled persons differently based on gender, race, age, disability, religion, caste, etc. In this article, we attempt to look at discrimination in the Indian labour market by applying the multinomial probit model of regression to the National Sample Survey Office data set. By taking years of schooling (as an indicator of skill and ability) as an independent variable in the model, we find that identically educated persons from different caste and gender groups are not equally likely to achieve similar occupational status, indicating the existence of discrimination in the Indian labour market. JEL Classifications: I31, C31

A sociological study of patterns and determinants of child labour in India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barsa Priyadarsinee Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the patterns and incidence of child labour in India and to examine the magnitude of child labour across different social groups. It analyses the impact of the socio-economic background of the children on their participation in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach The paper primarily relies on the data collected from secondary sources. The census of India data and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 66th round data (2009–2010) on employment and unemployment in India for the study. The dependent variable on child labour has been computed by the author for the analysis in the paper. Findings The findings of the paper suggest that poverty is not the only determinant of child labour, but gender and caste of a person is also a significant factor for child labour. The study found that children from lower-caste backgrounds in India seem to participate more in the labour market. In terms of gender, the study found that boys are more likely to engage in economic activities or paid jobs while girls are more likely to engage in household activities. Originality/value Data used in this paper has been extracted by the author from unit level data provided by NSSO. The variables used for the analysis in the presented paper has been constructed by the author and the figures provided are the result of the author’s estimation on data.

Socio economic determinants of child labour in selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Nabeela Begum ◽  
Javed Iqbal ◽  
Hina
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Education Organization ◽  
Children Education

This study examines the determinants of child labour in Mardan and Nowshera districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data on socioeconomic characteristics of children engaged and did not engage in child labour were obtained from Labour Education Organization Mardan. Age of the children and family size are positively and education is negatively and significantly associated with the probability of children participation in labour market. The probability of child labour is more with the household income although with a very low coefficient value which is contrary to our expectations and may ne indicative that child labour could be a major source of household income. This study suggests that subsidies may be provided to families for their children education. Family size is also positively related to the child labour, therefore steps may be taken towards encouraging small family sizes and thereby reducing the child labour.

The Cost of Being ‘Backward’ in India: Socio-religious Discrimination in the Labour Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 097370302110296
Author(s):  
Soumyajit Chakraborty ◽  
Alok K. Bohara
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Capital Endowment ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Capital Endowment

Being from backward castes, classes and Muslims in India has an economic cost associated with the nature of institutional discrimination. Using the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, this study identifies that caste and religion still rule the modern Indian labour market. We find that discrimination is evident in the socio-religious earnings gaps. While the parametric decompositions suggest that most of these gaps are due to differential human capital endowment, the nonparametric method almost evenly attributes inequality to discrimination and endowment. The results presented in this study suggest that discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Other Backward Classes should be included in policy designs to promote equity in the Indian labour market.

State, Market and Social Inequalities: A Study of Primary Education in the Indian Punjab

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-216
Author(s):  
Angrej Singh Gill
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
National Sample ◽  
The State ◽  
School Education ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Education Market ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

The article, using the National Sample Survey (henceforth NSS) data, establishes that the non-state providers, particularly the private-unaided sub-sector, have predominantly captured the primary school education market in Punjab. The predominance of these schools in the state has made the primary education a tradable commodity, catering to the demands based on the ability of the households to pay. In such a situation, the type of school (government or private) the households in the state are able to choose for their wards, particularly at rural level, is largely contingent on their caste and gender, which clearly shows that a new form of social inequality has emerged in Punjab (given not only that the learning environment in the government schools is perceived to be of formidable concern, but these schools are also non-English medium). The article suggests that without a properly functional state-financed school education system, the market forces will continue to strengthen the prevailing social inequalities.

Necessity or Opportunity Driven: Gender Differentials and Structural Changes of Proprietorship in the Indian Unorganized Enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 097215091989509
Author(s):  
Shruti Shuvam ◽  
Pratap C. Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Gender Differentials ◽  
Informal Entrepreneurship ◽  
Opportunity Entrepreneurs ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
And Gender

Using the latest representative datasets of National Sample Survey, this article investigates the structural changes and gender differentials in proprietorship in the Indian unorganized enterprises. This article also identifies the relevant determinants of female proprietorship in the unorganized enterprises. This study distinguishes between two types of female entrepreneurs: necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs, based on their motivation behind operating an enterprise. This study also explores the potential factors responsible for this division. The findings show that there is only 2 per cent rise in the share of female proprietors in over a 5-year period (2010–2011 to 2015–2016) and female proprietors are increasingly concentrated in necessity-driven informal entrepreneurship.

Higher Education in India from 1983 to 2014: Participation, Access and Labour Market Outcomes across Socio-religious Groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannet Farida Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

This article uses National Sample Survey (NSS) data to analyse the trends in India’s higher education in terms of participation, access and institutional preferences during the last three decades between 1983 and 2014. It documents a remarkable participation growth in higher education across socio-religious groups since the early 1980s; the number of higher educated persons has doubled in each decade especially among the younger age cohort. The increase in participation of the socially disadvantaged groups (SDGs) in higher education, however, was not on a par with the participation levels of advantageous groups; rural females among the disadvantaged groups are particularly lagging. The share of enrolment in government institutions (GIs) has declined while in private institutions it has considerably increased from across social groups, albeit in varying degrees and from top quintile groups. The labour market outcomes show declining workforce participation rates among the higher educated, especially the female graduates who end up in domestic work. The greater wage premium for higher education has, however, not bridged the gap between social groups. Instead, the outcomes within the same education group vary, witnessed in the low real wage for the disadvantaged and declining wage ratio between the disadvantaged and the advantageous groups.

Employment in Schools in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-44
Author(s):  
Chandan Jain
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Over Time

In the present article, we highlight the role that schools play in the Indian labour market. Using data from two rounds of the National Sample Survey, we provide estimates for the number of individuals employed in schools and the share of schools in the overall labour force in the country. We find that the share of schools in the overall labour force has increased between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Further, we also analyse the differences in these estimates across regions and gender as well. We find that despite the decline in female labour force in rural areas, number of females employed in schools in rural areas has increased over time. Additionally, we find that schools constituted the largest share in the overall female labour force employed in the services sector in the country. JEL: I20, J21

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document