scholarly journals Looking into Task-Specific Activation Using a Prosthesis Substituting Vision with Audition

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Plaza ◽  
Isabel Cuevas ◽  
Cécile Grandin ◽  
Anne G. De Volder ◽  
Laurent Renier
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory Substitution ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dorsal Visual Stream ◽  
The Brain

A visual-to-auditory sensory substitution device initially developed for the blind is known to allow visual-like perception through sequential exploratory strategies. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test whether processing the location versus the orientation of simple (elementary) “visual” stimuli encoded into sounds using the device modulates the brain activity within the dorsal visual stream in the absence of sequential exploration of these stimuli. Location and orientation detection with the device induced a similar recruitment of frontoparietal brain areas in blindfolded sighted subjects as the corresponding tasks using the same stimuli in the same subjects in vision. We observed a similar preference of the right superior parietal lobule for spatial localization over orientation processing in both sensory modalities. This provides evidence that the parietal cortex activation during the use of the prosthesis is task related and further indicates the multisensory recruitment of the dorsal visual pathway in spatial processing.

scholarly journals A Different Olfactory Perception in Anosmic Patients: Evidence from Functional MRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Kohan Pour ◽  
Sobhan Aarabi ◽  
Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli ◽  
Soodeh Moallemian ◽  
Mohammad Ali Oghabian
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Bold Responses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Olfactory system is a vital sensory system in mammals, giving them the ability to connect with their environment. Anosmia, or the complete loss of olfaction ability, which could be caused by injuries, is an interesting topic for inspectors with the aim of diagnosing patients. Sniffing test is currently utilized to examine if an individual is suffering from anosmia; however, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides unique information about the structure and function of the different areas of the human brain, and therefore this noninvasive method could be used as a tool to locate the olfactory-related regions of the brain. In this study, by recruiting 31 healthy and anosmic individuals, we investigated the neural BOLD responses in the olfactory cortices following two odor stimuli, rose and eucalyptus, by using a 3T MR scanner. Comparing the two groups, we observed a network of brain areas being more active in the normal individuals when smelling the odors. In addition, a number of brain areas also showed an activation decline during the odor stimuli, which is hypothesized as a resource allocation deactivation. This study illustrated alterations in the brain activity between the normal individuals and anosmic patients when smelling odors, and could potentially help for a better anosmia diagnosis in the future.

scholarly journals Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in people with auditory hallucinations

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhwinder S. Shergill ◽  
Michael J. Brammer ◽  
Rimmei Fukuda ◽  
Steven C. R. Williams ◽  
Robin M. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Speech Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundThe neurocognitive basis of auditory hallucinations is unclear, but there is increasing evidence implicating abnormalities in processing inner speech. Previous studies have shown that people with schizophrenia who were prone to auditory hallucinations demonstrated attenuated activation of brain areas during the monitoring of inner speech.AimsTo investigate whether the same pattern of functional abnormalities would be evident as the rate of inner speech production was varied.MethodEight people with schizophrenia who had a history of prominent auditory hallucinations and eight control participants were studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging while the rate of inner speech generation was varied experimentally.ResultsWhen the rate of inner speech generation was increased, the participants with schizophrenia showed a relatively attenuated response in the right temporal, parietal, parahippocampal and cerebellar cortex.ConclusionsIn people with schizophrenia who are prone to auditory hallucinations, increasing the demands on the processing of inner speech is associated with attenuated engagement of the brain areas implicated in verbal self-monitoring.

scholarly journals Adaptive brain activity changes during tongue movement with palatal coverage from fMRI data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Inamochi ◽  
Kenji Fueki ◽  
Nobuo Usui ◽  
Masato Taira ◽  
Noriyuki Wakabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Tongue Movement ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Motor Dexterity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSuccessful adaptation to wearing dentures with palatal coverage may be associated with cortical activity changes related to tongue motor control. The purpose was to investigate the brain activity changes during tongue movement in response to a new oral environment. Twenty-eight fully dentate subjects (mean age: 28.6-years-old) who had no experience with removable dentures wore experimental palatal plates for 7 days. We measured tongue motor dexterity, difficulty with tongue movement, and brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging during tongue movement at pre-insertion (Day 0), as well as immediately (Day 1), 3 days (Day 3), and 7 days (Day 7) post-insertion. Difficulty with tongue movement was significantly higher on Day 1 than on Days 0, 3, and 7. In the subtraction analysis of brain activity across each day, activations in the angular gyrus and right precuneus on Day 1 were significantly higher than on Day 7. Tongue motor impairment induced activation of the angular gyrus, which was associated with monitoring of the tongue’s spatial information, as well as the activation of the precuneus, which was associated with constructing the tongue motor imagery. As the tongue regained the smoothness in its motor functions, the activation of the angular gyrus and precuneus decreased.

Methods of Predicting the Brain Activity Based on Noun

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 2516-2520
Author(s):  
Jian Hua Jiang ◽  
Xu Yu ◽  
Zhi Xing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Past ◽  
Machine Learning Methods ◽  
The Brain

Over the last decade, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a primary tool to predict the brain activity.During the past research, researchers transfer the focus from the picture to the word.The results of these researches are relatively successful. In this paper, several typical methods which are machine learning methods are introduced. And most of the methods are by using fMRI data associated with words features. The semantic features (properties or factors) support words neural representation, and have a certain commonality in the people.The purpose of the application of these methods is used for prediction or classification.

scholarly journals GPT-2’s activations predict the degree of semantic comprehension in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Caucheteux ◽  
Alexandre Gramfort ◽  
Jean-Rémi King
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Planum Temporale ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Semantic Comprehension ◽  
Empirical Framework ◽  
Superior Frontal Cortex ◽  
Language Network

Language transformers, like GPT-2, have demonstrated remarkable abilities to process text, and now constitute the backbone of deep translation, summarization and dialogue algorithms. However, whether these models actually understand language is highly controversial. Here, we show that the representations of GPT-2 not only map onto the brain responses to spoken stories, but also predict the extent to which subjects understand the narratives. To this end, we analyze 101 subjects recorded with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging while listening to 70 min of short stories. We then fit a linear model to predict brain activity from GPT-2 activations, and correlate this mapping with subjects’ comprehension scores as assessed for each story. The results show that GPT-2’s brain predictions significantly correlate with semantic comprehension. These effects are bilaterally distributed in the language network and peak with a correlation above 30% in the infero-frontal and medio-temporal gyri as well as in the superior frontal cortex, the planum temporale and the precuneus. Overall, this study provides an empirical framework to probe and dissect semantic comprehension in brains and deep learning algorithms.

scholarly journals Regions and Connections: Complementary Approaches to Characterize Brain Organization and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Horien ◽  
Abigail S. Greene ◽  
R. Todd Constable ◽  
Dustin Scheinost
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Relative Utility ◽  
And Function ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has proved to be a powerful tool to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of human brain activity. Analysis methods broadly fall into two camps: those summarizing properties of a region and those measuring interactions among regions. Here we pose an unappreciated question in the field: What are the strengths and limitations of each approach to study fundamental neural processes? We explore the relative utility of region- and connection-based measures in the context of three topics of interest: neurobiological relevance, brain-behavior relationships, and individual differences in brain organization. In each section, we offer illustrative examples. We hope that this discussion offers a novel and useful framework to support efforts to better understand the macroscale functional organization of the brain and how it relates to behavior.

scholarly journals Beat Detection Recruits the Visual Cortex in Early Blind Subjects

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Araneda ◽  
Sandra Silva Moura ◽  
Laurence Dricot ◽  
Anne G. De Volder
Keyword(s):  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Beat Detection ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Early Blindness

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, here we monitored the brain activity in 12 early blind subjects and 12 blindfolded control subjects, matched for age, gender and musical experience, during a beat detection task. Subjects were required to discriminate regular (“beat”) from irregular (“no beat”) rhythmic sequences composed of sounds or vibrotactile stimulations. In both sensory modalities, the brain activity differences between the two groups involved heteromodal brain regions including parietal and frontal cortical areas and occipital brain areas, that were recruited in the early blind group only. Accordingly, early blindness induced brain plasticity changes in the cerebral pathways involved in rhythm perception, with a participation of the visually deprived occipital brain areas whatever the sensory modality for input. We conclude that the visually deprived cortex switches its input modality from vision to audition and vibrotactile sense to perform this temporal processing task, supporting the concept of a metamodal, multisensory organization of this cortex.

scholarly journals Analysis of Brain Activity Changes in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Based on Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Juan Shen ◽  
Chao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Right ◽  
Abnormal Brain

This paper uses resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe the changes in local consistency of brain activity in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Both healthy volunteers and Parkinson’s disease patients were scanned for resting brain functional imaging, and the collected raw data were processed using resting functional magnetic resonance data processing toolkit software. This study adopted the use of Regional Homogeneity (ReHo). The postprocessing method of RS-fMRI is to study the spontaneous brain activity changes of patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment and to explore the changes in the function of their brain regions in the hope of providing help for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease cognitive impairment. The results showed that, compared with the normal control group, the brain regions with increased ReHo values in the PD group were the right central anterior gyrus, the right lingual gyrus, the left middle occipital gyrus, and the bilateral anterior cuneiform lobes. The results show that PD patients have abnormal brain nerve activities in the resting state, and these abnormal brain nerve activities may be related to PD cognitive and behavioral dysfunction.

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF ECONOMICS AND PHILOSOPHY ON NEUROECONOMICS

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Bonanno ◽  
Christian List ◽  
Bertil Tungodden ◽  
Peter Vallentyne
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Choices ◽  
The Brain

The past fifteen years or so have witnessed considerable progress in our understanding of how the human brain works. One of the objectives of the fast-growing field of neuroscience is to deepen our knowledge of how the brain perceives and interacts with the external world. Advances in this direction have been made possible by progress in brain imaging techniques and by clinical data obtained from patients with localized brain lesions. A relatively new field within neuroscience is neuroeconomics, which focuses on individual decision making and aims to systematically classify and map the brain activity that correlates with decision-making that pertains to economic choices. Neuroeconomic studies rely heavily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures the haemodynamic response (that is, changes in the blood flow) related to neural activity in the brain.

scholarly journals What part of the brain is involved in graphic design thinking in landscape architecture?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0258413
Author(s):  
Yu-Ping Tsai ◽  
Shih-Han Hung ◽  
Tsung-Ren Huang ◽  
William C. Sullivan ◽  
Shih-An Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Graphic Design ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Brain

Graphic design thinking is a key skill for landscape architects, but little is known about the links between the design process and brain activity. Based on Goel’s frontal lobe lateralization hypothesis (FLLH), we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brain activity of 24 designers engaging in four design processes—viewing, copy drawing, preliminary ideas, and refinement—during graphic design thinking. The captured scans produced evidence of dramatic differences between brain activity when copying an existing graphic and when engaging in graphic design thinking. The results confirm that designs involving more graphic design thinking exhibit significantly more activity in the left prefrontal cortex. These findings illuminate the design process and suggest the possibility of developing specific activities or exercises to promote graphic design thinking in landscape architecture.

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