Were They Pushed?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Corsino
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Italian Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
Ethnic Businesses

This chapter paints a picture of the major structural and cultural disadvantages the Italians in Chicago Heights faced in their struggle. In essence, it attempts to show how these forms of discrimination boxed most Italians into a spatial and social isolation in Chicago Heights. However, they also had the unintended consequences of transforming the prosaic features of the Italian culture and social structure into a rich supply of social capital. Specifically, they enhanced the possibilities that Italians would turn to their paesani next door, their cugini on the next street over, their amici at the corner bar as resources for organizing a union, establishing ethnic businesses, recruiting members to mutual-aid societies, and for running a criminal organization. Structural and cultural disadvantages, on the one hand, and consequential social capital resources, on the other, are joined in an attempt to provide a more encompassing and integrated understanding as to how Italians may have been pushed, but also were able to leap into organized crime.

scholarly journals MAFIA IN THE ITALIAN PENAL CODE

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 463-472
Author(s):  
Cezariusz SOŃTA ◽  
Joanna BRYLAK
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Solution ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

In security sciences organized crime starts to be treated as an asymmetric hazard. Organized crime covers, in the opinion of the Authors, all crimes committed within the criminal structures that are characterized by organization. Mafia is, on the one hand, a proper name for a Sicillian criminal organization, which has been used in the sense at least since the 19th century. On the other hand, it also means any criminal organization of mafia nature. In the Polish law, like in most legislations, the notion of mafia is not present. The authors try, however, to create its non-legal definition. They draw attention to the fact that the Penal Code of the Republic of Italy contains an original solution - apart from an “ordinary” criminal association (Article 416) it introduces penality for participation in an association of mafia nature (Article 416 bis). The primary purpose of this study is to analyse this structure in comparison to the origin and solution of the Italian antimafia law.

“Femininity without Feminism”

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Hyun Mun
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Feminist Politics ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
The One ◽  
Status Of Women

This article contributes to the debate between the merits of the ‘politics of presence’ versus the ‘politics of ideas’ by examining the case of the first female Korean president, Park Geun-Hye. On the one hand, Park did not represent ‘the ideas’ of feminist politics. While her gender identity was widely propagated and accepted, it did not transform into deliberate identity-based politics. On the other hand, she contributed to the elevation of women’s social status through various unintended consequences, although Park’s ‘femininity without feminism’ inevitably led to the negligence of gender politics in her government. Indeed, Park’s existence, rather than her intention, stimulated the debate on the role and status of women in Korean society and enabled the rise of a number of first females in various sectors. In sum, the ‘politics of presence’ was triggered even without overt political measures.

scholarly journals Organized crime and narcotics introductory clarifications

Crimen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
Đorđe Ignjatović
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Club Drugs ◽  
Abused Drugs

Article is the first step in explaining complex relation between drugs and organized crime. Firstly, in order to better understand those relations, there are definitions of organized crime (type of property crime, determined by the existence of criminal organization which runs a permanent illegal business with the intention of maximizing profit, using violence to establish a monopoly over certain territory and the corruption of authority representatives) and drugs (illicit psychoactive substances - PAS - that affect addiction or changes in consumer consciousness). After that, author present their classifications and put an accent on "the new drugs" - club drugs and designer drugs. Before processing to the other considerations, he emphasize the distinctions among "drug-related crime" and "drug-addict crime" (crimes done by drugabusing offenders). Special attention is directed at the considerations of scientific research about influence of drugs on human behavior, especially on criminal conduct. It was concluded that between these phenomena there is a correlation, but not causality, which means that drug-abusing does not presume a crime. The importance of this assertion lies in the fact that media, general public, and even legislators often have completely opposite opinion on this problem. This is the reason why, on the one hand, citizens of various countries think that drugrelated crime means criminal activity, and on the other hand, political decision makers are constantly making criminal reaction too harsh not only towards wrongdoers who puts drugs into circulation ("dealing") only, but for drug-abusers, too. Unfortunately, the same thing has happened to Serbia which made criminal reaction quite severe in the area of drug-related crimes for many times in the last decade. Subjects who present considerable data about number of persons who are arrested or been serving a sentence in penitentiary institutions for drug-crimes should explain a few things. Firstly, they should account how many of them are deprived because they have been engaged in producing or selling substances that are declared narcotics. Secondly, they should clarify how many prisoners abused drugs before deprivation and how many during a sentence serving. Criminologists had an important assignment to persuade public and legislators that the most of actual beliefs about criminal reaction on drug-related crime are not based on scientific opinions. The biggest mistake is thinking that drug-abusing only leads to crime. In the environment where criminologists had major influence on the public and politicians, an apparent trend of reduction of criminal reaction or even decriminalization of some conducts in the area of drug-related crime has been noticed. They are treating narcotic addiction as medical, not criminal problem.

POSEBNA ODELjENjA ZA BORBU PROTIV KORUPCIJE U REPUBLICI SRBIJI

2021 ◽  
pp. 313-329
Author(s):  
Vladimir Šebek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
New Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
The One

Specialized anti-corruption institutions are not product of the new age. First specialized departments in fighting against corruption went into effect in the middle of last century, but the beginning of creation of these departments has been connected with founding of the most significant specialized institutions. Although its effects on democratic institutions and economic and social development have long been apparent, the fight against corruption has only recently been placed high on the international policy agenda. The UN Convention Against Corruption, which came into force in 2005, is the most universal in its approach; it covers a very broad range of issues including the formation of specialised bodies responsible for preventing corruption and for combating corruption through law enforcement. It is the author’s intention to present to the public the organizational solutions of the anticorruption bodies predicted in the UN Convention against Corruption and folloving standards to act effectively. On the one hand, this text represents models of specialized anti-corruption bodies in the world, and on the other hand, it contains display of institutional anti-corruption model in Republic of Serbia as well, with the focus on the Department for Corruption Suppression (OBPK) in the Ministry of Interior and special departmens of Public prosecutor's offices. In order to compare efficiency of police and prosecutorial work, a data analysis was performed for the period before and the period after the Law on organization and competence of state bodies in supression of organized crime, terrorism and corruption, entry into force.

scholarly journals SISTEM NILAI PELA SEBAGAI MODAL SOSIAL DALAM RANGKA PENGUATAN KEBANGSAAN PADA BASIS LOKAL DI MALUKU

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Max Maswekan
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social System ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Value System ◽  
A Value ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Indonesia is a pluralistic country (diverse) in terms of ethnicity, religion, culture, language and social system. This diversity is a blessing that is given as a potential wealth of the nation. On the one hand, this potential can be managed to strengthen nationality and people's welfare, but on the other hand, it can be a potential conflict that can weaken and even solve (disintegration) of nationalism if it is not managed properly. Indonesia has a variety of local wisdom as invaluable social capital. One of them is Pela in Maluku which has a value system that is capable of marching and strengthening (integration) nationalism. The Pela value system has at least four functions that are able to effectively integrate (social cohesion) and strengthen national potential at the local (regional) level, especially in Maluku.

scholarly journals current social conflicts and criminality in Serbia

2006 ◽  
pp. 114-128
Author(s):  
Milovan Mitrovic
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Socialist System ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Transitional Phenomenon ◽  
The One

This paper consists of two parts. The first part, in a theoretical-hypothetical manner, discusses social organization, conflicts and criminality, while the second discusses some specific problems related to corruption and organized crime in Serbia. The first part expounds the hypothesis that the social conflicts (war, external sanctions and the breakdown of the regime) led to a deep crisis and destruction (disorganization) of the Serbian society, which directly caused the sharp increase in all kinds of criminality in Serbia. Starting from the assumption that criminality has the characteristics of a total social phenomenon as well as many faces and seamy sides, the author distinguishes three sociologically most significant social roots and forms of criminality in Serbia, that is the systemic, anomic and transitional ones. The second part specially discusses corruption as a form of systematic and transitional criminality and as the backbone of organized crime in Serbia. The author believes that the deepest causes of corruption have their roots in the old socialist system and recent transitional regimes in which the public property (state and social property) was managed by the powerful individuals and privileged groups, usually according to their own will. In that sense, the author concludes that corruption and organized crime are, on the one hand, the consequences of war and disintegration of the socialist system and the heritage of the former regime, and on the other the consequences of interest blockades in the construction of new and more efficient institutions of social control and regular mechanisms of modern development, so in that sense they are a newly-created transitional phenomenon of the unfinished democratic system. Therefore, the paper points out that the reformed and strengthened public institutions are the only serious and efficient obstacle to corruption and all other forms of organized criminality. In the first place, reforms should imply the withdrawal of the state from the direct administrative management of economic activities, leaving them to a legally ordered market. Strengthening of public institutions would imply more efficient minimal state functions; all other institutions should get, on the one hand, real means and mechanisms to implement their duties, and on the other they themselves should be under public control in their work which has to be more "transparent" than it is today.

scholarly journals THE „HAWALA SYSTEM“ - BETWEEN CUSTOMARY LAW AND ORGANIZED CRIME

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ivan Geshev ◽  
Nikolay Marin
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
The One ◽  
Conventional Type

The article aims to reveal the nature and specifics of the alternative method of modern banking ‘Hawala’, which makes it on the one hand, extremely convenient for use by organized criminal groups, and on the other, difficult to be investigated and proven. The authors trace Hawala’s historical roots, referring to the ancient customary law, and point out the strict rules on which it operates. It highlights that, with the development of information technologies, the Hawala systems’ principles have found a new application, from which organized criminal groups benefit. The article clarifies how the Bulgarian legislation incriminates money laundering and the possible use of the ‘Hawala’ system for this and other criminal activities. Attention is paid to the Bulgarian experience in the investigation of a network of persons involved in the use of the Hawala method for concealing, particularly serious crimes. The conclusion is made that the Hawala phenomenon poses a serious threat to the rule of law in any country, and the Bulgarian legislation needs to be adapted in order to provide effective mechanisms to counter such non-conventional type of crime.

Integrating the UNCAC and the UNTOC for Effective Prevention and International Cooperation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Uglješa Ugi Zvekić
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Universal Periodic Review ◽  
The One ◽  
International Instruments

Abstract The inextricable links between transnational organized crime, on the one hand, and corruption, on the other, require a more integrated approach between the international instruments aimed at preventing and tackling such phenomena, i.e., respectively, the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the UN Convention against Corruption, as well as between their review mechanisms. Moreover, the role played by civil society in the framework of the UNTOC and UNCAC review mechanisms should be furthered, thus drawing inspiration from the Universal Periodic Review.

scholarly journals Wsparcie studentów z zaburzeniami psychicznymi wyzwaniem dla uczelni wyższych

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dobrychłop
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Type Form ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
The One

The situation of people with mental disorders is more difficult and more complex than the situation of people with other types of disability. Perceiving them, through the prism of negative stereotypes functioning in society describing the disease, as well as the mentally ill person itself, causes many, often irreversible consequences. Support for students with mental disorders but also those experiencing mental health crises is an important challenge faced by universities in Poland today. On the one hand, each university is required to adapt the form of education to the needs and capabilities of students with disabilities, on the other hand, the lack of specific procedures defining the type, form and principles of providing support in relation to the mentally ill, often does not allow for taking appropriate actions. This reality is not facilitated by the existence of many harmful stereotypes, and as a result social isolation from the mental ill.

scholarly journals Social capital in the system of corporate sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 07004
Author(s):  
Svetlana Orekhova ◽  
Vera Zarutskaya ◽  
Yulia Bausova
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Sustainability Indicators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Social capital is a key factor in corporate sustainability in the ecosystem era. Analysis of the theoretical background reveals that social capital can function at all levels of economy – from the individual to the state. Therefore, social capitalis on the one hand an independent resource generating income. On the other hand, social capital provides access to the ecosystem actors’ resources.Oftentimes stakeholders underestimate social capital because of its intrinsic “public good” quality and limit investment in it. The ecosystem social capital structure includes several dimensions. The elements of each dimension are applied to strengthen the performance of corporate sustainability indicators.

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