New Disciplines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
College Experience ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
World Championship ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Synchronized Skating ◽  
Olympic Sport

Since the 1960s, televised World and Olympic competition brought figure skating into the homes of millions who discovered and enjoyed the perfect balance between artistry and athleticism that the sport offered. This developed an increasingly enthusiastic audience for the sport and led inevitably to a participatory role as converts filled ice rinks. Those new to skating discovered a recreational activity that persons of all ages could enjoy and that entire families could do together. Many, young and old, took lessons, and some became highly proficient. Not surprisingly, new competitive opportunities followed, which are the focus of this chapter. Adult skating is the most recent and fastest-growing area of competitive figure skating; collegiate and intercollegiate skating has become an available part of the college experience; and synchronized skating has evolved from an unpretentious beginning into a World championship sport that may become an Olympic sport.

A Case Study Exploring the Experiences of a Transgender Athlete in Synchronized Skating, a Subdiscipline of Figure Skating

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-449
Author(s):  
Shannon S. C. Herrick ◽  
Meredith A. Rocchi ◽  
A. Lauren Couture
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Safe Space ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Inclusive Practices ◽  
Amateur Sport ◽  
Figure Skater ◽  
Synchronized Skating

The inclusion of transgender athletes in sport challenges a number of long-standing cis-heteronormative beliefs within athletics at all levels of competition. There are limited studies examining the integration and experiences of transgender athletes within amateur sport. The following case study follows the experiences of a transgender synchronized figure skater, Mason, who was able to continue competing throughout his transition process. We conducted eight semi-structured one-on-one interviews with Mason, his teammates, his team manager, and his past and present coaches. All interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and subject to thematic analysis which resulted in four overarching themes: (a) building inclusivity: “promote a safe space,” (b) acknowledging stress, (c) disclosure: “I didn’t want to talk about my past,” and (d) celebration. Results are interpreted as recommendations for coaches on how to adopt inclusive practices to better support transgender athletes.

The Artistic Sixties

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Plane Crash ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Way

This chapter discusses figure skating in the 1960s. In 1961, the entire U.S. World team died in a plane crash on the way to Prague. One year later, two skaters from former teams, Barbara Ann Roles and Yvonne Littlefield, traveled to Prague as part of an otherwise inexperienced team of American skaters. Only one new member of the 1962 team, Scott Allen, would ever win a World or Olympic medal, but collectively the team provided the foundation on which the United States built its next generation of international champions. While the United States lost its current best skaters in the crash and was thrust into the necessity of developing new ones, across the skating world, a largely new slate of skaters appeared at the 1962 World Championships. Three of the men, Canada's Donald Jackson, Germany's Manfred Schnelldorfer, and France's Alain Calmat, were destined to become World champions.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Proficiency Tests ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
National Styles

This introductory chapter begins with a brief history of figure skating. The birthplace of figure skating is England, following the return of Charles II in 1660. For two hundred years it remained exclusively a recreational activity, and still in the mid-nineteenth century members of the London Skating Club opposed adamantly anything suggesting competition, even proficiency tests. Competitive figure skating, local at first, dates from the mid-nineteenth century in most countries. It became international later in the century, and problems surfaced almost immediately as skaters trained in their own national styles competed against skaters trained in other styles. The chapter then sets out the book's focus, namely World and Olympic championship skaters from 1896 through 2002. Their successes and their failures are identified; their contributions are celebrated. The narrative through the postwar period progresses generally by decades. It emphasizes major issues, some short-lived but others extending over longer periods, that are identified with the skaters most directly affected. General concerns of the International Skating Union are addressed throughout.

Dietary Intake, Body Image Perceptions, and Weight Concerns of Female US International Synchronized Figure Skating Teams

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J. Ziegler ◽  
Srimathi Kannan ◽  
Satya S. Jonnalagadda ◽  
Ambika Krishnakumar ◽  
Sara E. Taksali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Weight Concerns ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Weight History ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Synchronized Skating

The objectives of the study were to determine the nutrient intakes and to examine body image perceptions and weight concerns of elite female US international synchronized skaters. One hundred and twenty-three skaters (mean age = 17.0 ± 2.1 y; BMI = 21.32 ± 2.13) representing six US international synchronized skating teams from the 1998 competitive season participated in the study. Nutrient intakes were determined from 3-d dietary records. Body image perceptions were assessed from responses to silhouette drawings. Skaters completed an emotional and physical self-appraisal. Weight concerns were assessed using a self-administered validated weight history questionnaire. The reported energy intake was 26 kcal/kg. The contribution of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to total energy intake was 62%, 23%, and 15% for younger (14-18 y) and 62%, 24%, and 14%, respectively, for the older (19-30 y) skaters. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed between perceived ideal and current body shapes. The greater the dissatisfaction with physical and emotional self, the larger the discrepancy between current versus desired body shape. Results suggest that sports nutritionists should not only assess nutrition factors but also examine psychosocial and emotional correlates related to body image and weight concerns of synchronized skaters.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Champion Cross-Country-Skier Training: From Lumberjacks to Professional Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øyvind Sandbakk
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Upper Body Power ◽  
Olympic Sport ◽  
And Training

Competitive cross-country (XC) skiing has traditions extending back to the mid-19th century and was included as a men’s event in the first Winter Games in 1924. Since then, tremendous improvements in equipment, track preparation, and knowledge about training have prompted greater increases in XC-skiing speeds than in any other Olympic sport. In response, this commentary focuses on how the training of successful XC skiers has evolved, with interviews and training data from surviving Norwegian world and Olympic XC champions as primary sources. Before 1970, most male champion XC skiers were lumberjacks who ran or skied long distances to and from felling areas while working long days in the woods. In addition, they trained as much as possible, with increased intensity during the autumn, while less work but more ski-specific training and competitions were done during the winter. Until the 1970s, few XC skiers were women, whom coaches believed tolerated less training than men did. Today’s XC skiers are less physically active, but the influence of both science and the systematic approaches of former athletes and coaches have gradually taught XC skiers to adopt smarter, more goal-oriented training practices. Although the very high VO2max of world-class XC skiers has remained the same since the 1960s, new events in modern XC skiing have additionally required superior upper-body power, high-speed techniques, and tactical flexibility. These elements also emerge in the training of today’s best skiers; women’s physiological capacities and training routines especially seem to have improved dramatically.

Skating before Figures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Ancient World ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Ice Skating ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Account ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Today, skating on artificial ice in indoor rinks is a year-round recreational activity enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities as well as a sport both amateur and professional that enjoys unprecedented popularity. But throughout most of its history, ice skating has been an activity limited to short seasons and possible only in countries where lakes, ponds, canals, or other bodies of water provide frozen surfaces on which skaters could enjoy the challenge and excitement of gliding across natural ice. In the ancient world, long before skating became a recreational activity or a sport, those same frozen surfaces provided a different kind of challenge. Passage over them was a necessity for survival during harsh winter months. This chapter traces the history of ice skating before the advent of competitive figure skating. It discusses mythology and the earliest skaters; the earliest skates; an early account of recreational skating; skating as a tool of warfare; figure skating's patron saint, the virgin Lydwina of Schiedam.

Figure Skating in the Formative Years

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Earning Power ◽  
Explosive Expansion ◽  
Formative Years

Once a winter pastime for socializing and courtship, skating evolved into the wildly popular competitive sport of figure skating, one of the few athletic arenas where female athletes hold a public profile—and earning power—equal to that of men. This book chronicles figure skating's rise from its earliest days through its head-turning debut at the 1908 Olympics and its breakthrough as entertainment in the 1930s. The book credits figure skating's explosive expansion to an ever-increasing number of women who had become proficient skaters and wanted to compete, not just in singles but with partners as well. Matters reached a turning point when British skater Madge Syers entered the otherwise-male 1902 World Championship held in London and finished second. Called skating's first feminist, Syers led a wave of women who made significant contributions to figure skating and helped turn it into today's star-making showcase at every Olympic Winter Games.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

Improving x-ray map resolution with image restoration techniques

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 598-599
Author(s):  
Richard B. Mott ◽  
John J. Friel ◽  
Charles G. Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Image Restoration ◽  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Small Object ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mapping Parameters ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Map Resolution

X-rays are emitted from a relatively large volume in bulk samples, limiting the smallest features which are visible in X-ray maps. Beam spreading also hampers attempts to make geometric measurements of features based on their boundaries in X-ray maps. This has prompted recent interest in using low voltages, and consequently mapping L or M lines, in order to minimize the blurring of the maps.An alternative strategy draws on the extensive work in image restoration (deblurring) developed in space science and astronomy since the 1960s. A recent example is the restoration of images from the Hubble Space Telescope prior to its new optics. Extensive literature exists on the theory of image restoration. The simplest case and its correspondence with X-ray mapping parameters is shown in Figures 1 and 2.Using pixels much smaller than the X-ray volume, a small object of differing composition from the matrix generates a broad, low response. This shape corresponds to the point spread function (PSF). The observed X-ray map can be modeled as an “ideal” map, with an X-ray volume of zero, convolved with the PSF. Figure 2a shows the 1-dimensional case of a line profile across a thin layer. Figure 2b shows an idealized noise-free profile which is then convolved with the PSF to give the blurred profile of Figure 2c.

Prediction of Multiple Aspects of the Community College Experience

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford E. Lunneborg ◽  
Patricia W. Lunneborg ◽  
Renny Greenmun
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
College Experience
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