scholarly journals Dispersion climatology for Patna and Gaya

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
BIJENDRA RAI
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
Mixing Height ◽  
Unstable Condition ◽  
Vertical Diffusion ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ventilation Coefficient ◽  
The City

The present study aims at seasonal and diurnal pollution potential around Patna, the capital region of Bihar and Gaya. To assess the pollution potential, meteorological data of two stations, VIZ., Patna and the neighbouring station Gaya for five year period (1984-88) have been analysed; The analysis has been done for four representative seasonal months, viz., winter (January), pre-monsoon (April), monsoon (August) and post-monsoon (October).   The analysis shows no stable conditions in the day time and no unstable condition in the  night time in each month. April shows higher frequency and January the lowest frequencies of unstable conditions. April  has the highest mixing height and ventilation coefficient. From the results it has been concluded that day time is suitable for good dispersion in all the months. In the ca5e of existing industries, emission must be lessened during night time and particularly in the winter months. These results also suggest that pollutants are well dispersed in April and August. January and August may be regarded as the worst months for vertical diffusion of contaminants. As the predominant surface winds are easterly, any new Industrial set up should be in the west of the city in order to minimise the effects of pollutants.  

scholarly journals Assimilative capacity of the atmosphere at Gorakhpur with respect to air pollution

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-486
Author(s):  
P. K. NANDANKAR
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
Mixing Height ◽  
Assimilative Capacity ◽  
Diffusion Capacity ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Ventilation Coefficient

The present study aims at seasonal and diurnal pollution potential at Gorakhpur in east Uttar Pradesh. To assess the pollution potential, meteorological data for five year period (1982-86) of Gorakhpur have been analyzed for four seasons viz; winter (December-February), summer (March-May), monsoon (June-September) and post monsoon (October-November). Season wise wind roses, stability, stability wind roses have been prepared and season wise diurnal variation of mixing height and ventilation coefficient have also been worked out. It is found that Gorakhpur has a better diffusion capacity in summer and poor in post monsoon followed by winter. Afternoon hours are better for vertical mixing. The winds are predominantly from southwest to west in all seasons except in monsoon when it blows from northeast to east. Based on this study, an appropriate location for industrialization has been suggested.

scholarly journals Assimilative capacity of the atmosphere at Lucknow with respect to air pollution

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
P .K. NANDANKAR
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Southwest Monsoon ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
Mixing Height ◽  
Assimilative Capacity ◽  
Diffusion Capacity ◽  
Ventilation Coefficient

The present study aim at seasonal and diurnal pollution potential at Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. To assess the pollution potential, meteorological data for five year period (1982-86) of Lucknow have been analyzed for four season, viz.; Winter (December-February), Summer (March-May), Southwest Monsoon (June-September) and Post Monsoon (October-November). Seasonwise wind roses, stability, stability wind roses have been prepared and season wise diurnal variation of mixing height and ventilation coefficient have also been worked out. It is found that Lucknow has a better diffusion capacity in summer and poor in winter. Afternoon hours are better for vertical mixing. The winds are predominant from west to north direction in all season except in monsoon where it blows from east direction.

scholarly journals Parameterization of vertical diffusion and the atmospheric boundary layer height determination in the EMEP model

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jeričević ◽  
L. Kraljević ◽  
B. Grisogono ◽  
H. Fagerli ◽  
Ž. Večenaj
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Boundary Layer ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Mixing Height ◽  
Vertical Diffusion ◽  
Height Determination ◽  
Stable Conditions

Abstract. This paper introduces two changes of the turbulence parameterization for the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) Eulerian air pollution model: the replacement of the Blackadar in stable and O'Brien in unstable turbulence formulations with an analytical vertical diffusion profile (K(z)) called Grisogono, and a different mixing height determination, based on a bulk Richardson number formulation (RiB). The operational or standard (STD) and proposed new parameterization for eddy diffusivity have been validated in all stability conditions against the observed daily surface nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphate (SO42−) concentrations at different EMEP stations during the year 2001. A moderate improvement in the correlation coefficient and bias for NO2 and SO2 and a slight improvement for sulphate is found for the most of the analyzed stations with the Grisogono K(z) scheme, which is recommended for further application due to its scientific and technical advantages. The newly extended approach for the mechanical eddy diffusivity is applied to the Large Eddy Simulation data focusing at the bulk properties of the neutral and stable atmospheric boundary layer. A summary and extension of the previous work on the empirical coefficients in neutral and stable conditions is provided with the recommendations to the further model development. Special emphasis is given to the representation of the ABL in order to capture the vertical transport and dispersion of the atmospheric air pollution. Two different schemes for the ABL height determination are evaluated against the radiosounding data in January and July 2001, and against the data from the Cabauw tower, the Netherlands, for the same year. The validation of the ABL parameterizations has shown that the EMEP model is able to reproduce spatial and temporal mixing height variability. Improvements are identified especially in stable conditions with the new ABL height scheme based on the RiB number.

Marital Disharmony among Working Couples in Metropolitan Life: an In-depth Study in Kolkata City

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Nilanjana Ghoshal ◽  
Mst Tania Parveen ◽  
Dr Asraful Alam
Keyword(s):  
Functional Method ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Working Couples ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The City ◽  
Opposite Gender

In India, traditionally and from time immemorial, marriage has always been a sacred bond for people of this country. The aim of this study is to explain a socially sanctioned sex relationship involving people of two opposite gender whose relationship is expected to endure beyond time required for gestation. The functional method of the study has been set up on the field-based observation to find out the reasons behind rising of marital disharmony among working couples. But the problem is initially in modern times the concept of marriage is gradually taking a different turn between couples. Hence the focus of this paper is to study the various factors giving rise to marital disharmonies among working couples in urban India and how these discords can be solved so that couples can lead a happy harmonious married life ahead. Survey has been done in the city of Kolkata taking people from various walks of life. As Kolkata is one of the major Metropolitan cities of India it was easier to find people belonging to different professions. The result of this study is every marriage brings challenges in life. Maximum working couples are losing attachment with each other as they have lack of time for each other. Bringing work at home, sharing of parenthood, indifference towards each other, lack of adjustments are the causes for which level of disharmony is increasing.

Majolica in the Early Colonial Andes: The Role of Panamanian Wares

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross W. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

As one of the most common artifact categories found on Spanish colonial sites, the wheel-made, tin-glazed pottery known as majolica is an important chronological and social indicator for archaeologists. Initially imported from Europe, several manufacturing centers for majolica were set up in the New World by the late sixteenth century. The study of colonial majolica in the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompassed much of South America, has received less attention than ceramic production and trade in the colonial Caribbean and Mesoamerica. Prior to 1650 the Viceroyalty of Peru was supplied with majolica largely produced in the city of Panama Vieja, on the Pacific. Panama Vieja majolica has been recovered from throughout the Andes, as far south as Argentina. Majolica made in Panama Vieja provides an important chronological indicator of early colonial archaeological contexts in the region. The reproduction of Iberian-style majolica for use on elite tables was symbolically important to the imposition of Spanish rule, and thus Panamanian majolicas also provide an important indicator of elite status on Andean colonial sites.

scholarly journals Ventilation of a Mid-Size City under Stable Boundary Layer Conditions: A Simulation Using the LES Model PALM

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Jonathan Biehl ◽  
Bastian Paas ◽  
Otto Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Stable Boundary Layer ◽  
Passive Scalar ◽  
City Center ◽  
Street Canyons ◽  
Stable Boundary ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Les Model ◽  
The City

City centers have to cope with an increasing amount of air pollution. The supply of fresh air is crucial yet difficult to ensure, especially under stable conditions of the atmospheric boundary layer. This case study used the PArallelized Large eddy simulation (LES) Model PALM to investigate the wind field over an urban lake that had once been built as a designated fresh air corridor for the city center of Münster, northwest, Germany. The model initialization was performed using the main wind direction and stable boundary layer conditions as input. The initial wind and temperature profiles included a weak nocturnal low-level jet. By emitting a passive scalar at one point on top of a bridge, the dispersion of fresh air could be traced over the lake’s surface, within street canyons leading to the city center and within the urban boundary layer above. The concept of city ventilation was confirmed in principle, but the air took a direct route from the shore of the lake to the city center above a former river bed and its adjoining streets rather than through the street canyons. According to the dispersion of the passive scalar, half of the city center was supplied with fresh air originating from the lake. PALM proved to be a useful tool to study fresh air corridors under stable boundary layer conditions.

scholarly journals Puritan Lecturers and Anglican Clergymen during the Early Years of the English Civil Wars

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Youngkwon Chung
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Early Years ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Base Of Support ◽  
The City ◽  
Urgent Necessity

During the early years of the Civil Wars in England, from February 1642 to July 1643, Puritan parishioners in conjunction with the parliament in London set up approximately 150 divines as weekly preachers, or lecturers, in the city and the provinces. This was an exceptional activity surrounding lectureships including the high number of lecturer appointments made over the relatively brief space of time, especially considering the urgent necessity of making preparations for the looming war and fighting it as well. By examining a range of sources, this article seeks to demonstrate that the Puritan MPs and peers, in cooperation with their supporters from across the country, tactically employed the institutional device of weekly preaching, or lectureships, to neutralize the influence of Anglican clergymen perceived as royalists dissatisfied with the parliamentarian cause, and to bolster Puritan and pro-parliamentarian preaching during the critical years of 1642–1643. If successfully employed, the device of weekly lectureships would have significantly widened the base of support for the parliament during this crucial period when people began to take sides, prepared for war, and fought its first battles. Such a program of lectureships, no doubt, contributed to the increasing polarization of the religious and political climate of the country. More broadly, this study seeks to add to our understanding of an early phase of the conflict that eventually embroiled the entire British Isles in a decade of gruesome internecine warfare.

scholarly journals Nocturnal Low-Level Jet in a Mountain Basin Complex. Part II: Transport and Diffusion of Tracer under Stable Conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 740-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. Darby ◽  
K. Jerry Allwine ◽  
Robert M. Banta
Keyword(s):  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
Transport And Diffusion ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
The City ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract Differences in nighttime transport and diffusion of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer in an urban complex-terrain setting (Salt Lake City, Utah) are investigated using surface and Doppler lidar wind data and large-scale surface pressure differences. Interacting scales of motion, as studied through the URBAN 2000 field program combined with the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) experiment, explained the differences in the tracer behavior during three separate intensive operating periods. With an emphasis on nighttime stable boundary layer conditions, these field programs were designed to study flow features responsible for the nighttime transport of airborne substances. This transport has implications for air quality, homeland security, and emergency response if the airborne substances are hazardous. The important flow features investigated included thermally forced canyon and slope flows and a low-level jet (LLJ) that dominated the basin-scale winds when the surface pressure gradient was weak. The presence of thermally forced flows contributed to the complexity and hindered the predictability of the tracer motion within and beyond the city. When organized thermally forced flows were present, the tracer tended to stay closer to the city for longer periods of time, even though a strong basin-scale LLJ did develop. When thermally forced flows were short lived or absent, the basin-scale low-level jet dominated the wind field and enhanced the transport of tracer material out of the city.

Historic city, tourism performance and development: The balance of social behaviours in the city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Mª Castro Fernández ◽  
Rubén Camilo Lois González ◽  
Lucrezia Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Data ◽  
City Centre ◽  
City Development ◽  
Santiago De Compostela ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
City Tourism ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

Santiago de Compostela is an iconic place. From the 9th century through to the present day the city has acted as the final destination of a major pilgrimage route named after it. In the article we ask ourselves how the contemporary reinvention of the pilgrimage and pilgrimages on the Way of St. James has boosted tourism development in the city. Development has been concentrated in the historic city centre and in the area around the cathedral. The importance of tourism has transformed the significance of the city itself, which acquires a magical component as a place of arrival and encounter for all kinds of visitors. The historic city has been set up in the 20th century as a destination for the Way and for cultural tourism. The buildings, particularly those connected with the pilgrimage route, become highly attractive and symbolic places and tourists carry out a number of rituals in them. They travel and enjoy Santiago as a unique experience. The study of tourism and of the tourist transformation of Santiago de Compostela is undertaken using a qualitative and quantitative method. The article analyses the heritage and symbolic value of the historic centre, together with the growth of its tourism activities. Numerical data are also provided on the perceptions and behaviour of visitors using surveys carried out by the city's Tourism Observatory.

A Discussion on recent research in air pollution - The influence of the turning of wind with height on crosswind diffusion

1969 ◽  
Vol 265 (1161) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Profile ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Horizontal Component ◽  
Vertical Diffusion ◽  
Fluorescent Tracer ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Realistic Form ◽  
Horizontal Spread ◽  
Elevated Source

Theoretical indications of the magnitude of horizontal spread resulting from the interaction between vertical diffusion and the wind profile are briefly reviewed. Assuming a fairly realistic form for the spectrum of turbulence the effect of this interaction is evaluated from a treatment by F. B. Smith, and this is combined with the theoretical growth arising directly from the horizontal component of turbulence to give a total crosswind growth curve. Two series of field experiments on dispersion in stable conditions are examined, one in Sweden using an elevated source of smoke puffs, the other in the U.S.A. using a continuous ground release of a fluorescent tracer. Both indicate that distortion of the plume by the turning of the wind became significant beyond 2-3 km downwind, but that the immediate transference of the effect to enhance the spread at a given level was not important within about 5 km for the elevated source or about 12 km for the ground source.

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