Response of broccoli to soil water tension under drip irrigation

We evaluated the effect of different soil water tensions on the production of broccoli cultivated in a protected environment under drip irrigation in order to establish criteria for the adequate management of irrigation. A completely randomized block design was used, comprising six treatments and four replicates. The treatments included six soil water tensions (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 kPa). Soil water tension was monitored with granular matrix sensors installed at depths of 0.2 m (decision sensors) and 0.4 m (seepage control sensors). Total and marketable fresh weight of broccoli heads, average diameter of marketable heads, height of marketable heads, and total and marketable yield were greatest when the soil water tension at a depth of 0.2 m was 15 kPa, at which the mean values of the evaluated variables were 0.84 kg, 0.76 kg, 20.5 cm, 11.7 cm; 26.5 t ha?1, and 23.7 t ha?1, respectively. Treatments did not significantly affect efficiency of water use or height of marketable heads.

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Bell Pepper Development and Water Potential as Affected by Soil Water Tensions and Nitrogen Doses

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v8i2.16651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 574

Author(s):

Helane Cristina Aguiar Santos ◽

Joaquim Alves De Lima Junior ◽

William Lee Carrera De Aviz ◽

Deiviane De Souza Barral ◽

Renan De Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Technical Information ◽

Northern Region ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Shoot Mass ◽

Water Tension

Considering the lack of technical information on the water depth and nitrogen fertilization via fertigation in bell pepper cultivation, this work aimed to provide management data for its production in the northern region of Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at FEIGA / UFRA, with a 1.0 x 0.50 m spacing, in a randomized block design, with a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. The treatments consisted of five water tensions in the soil (15, 25, 35, 45 and 65 kPa) and four nitrogen doses (0, 135, 265 and 395 kg.ha-1). There was no interaction between the factors of water tension in the soil and nitrogen doses for any of the variables analyzed. Height of plants, fresh shoot mass and dry shoot mass showed significant differences only for nitrogen doses. Predawn potential, showed significant difference for soil water tensions and nitrogen doses. Ahead of the conditions under which this work was carried out and the results obtained for the variables analyzed for the bell pepper cultivation in a protected environment, we found that the soil water tension of 15 kPa and the nitrogen dose of 265 kg.ha-1 were ideal for the crop.

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Drip irrigation in coffee crop under different planting densities: Growth and yield in southeastern Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v18n11p1116-1123 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 1116-1123 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gleice A. de Assis ◽

Myriane S. Scalco ◽

Rubens J. Guimarães ◽

Alberto Colombo ◽

Anderson W. Dominghetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Coffee Plants ◽

Coffee Cultivation ◽

Water Tension

Irrigation associated to reduction on planting spaces between rows and between coffee plants has been a featured practice in coffee cultivation. The objective of the present study was to assess, over a period of five consecutive years, influence of different irrigation management regimes and planting densities on growth and bean yield of Coffea arabica L.. The treatments consisted of four irrigation regimes: climatologic water balance, irrigation when the soil water tension reached values close to 20 and 60 kPa; and a control that was not irrigated. The treatments were distributed randomly in five planting densities: 2,500, 3,333, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 plants ha-1. A split-plot in randomized block design was used with four replications. Irrigation promoted better growth of coffee plants and increased yield that varied in function of the plant density per area. For densities from 10,000 to 20,000 plants ha-1, regardless of the used irrigation management, mean yield increases were over 49.6% compared to the non-irrigated crop.

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Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Water Use by Sweetpotato

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.115.5.712 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 712-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Doyle A. Smittle ◽

Melvin R. Hall ◽

James R. Stansell

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Water Regimes ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Water Tension ◽

Storage Root Development

Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam cv. Georgia Jet] were grown on two soil types in drainage lysimeters under controlled soil water regimes during 1982 and 1983. Water regimes consisted of irrigating the sweetpotatoes throughout growth when soil water tension at 23 cm exceeded 25, 50, or 100 kPa or by allowing a 100-kPa water stress before root enlargement, during early root enlargement, or throughout root enlargement. Water use and marketable yields were greater when sweetpotatoes were grown on a Tifton loamy sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthitic Paleudult) than when grown on a Bonifay sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic, Plinthitic Paleudult). Water use, marketable yield, and yield of U.S. #1 grade roots generally decreased when soil water tensions exceeded 25 kPa before irrigation, although soil water stress of 100 kPa during storage root development did not significantly affect yield. Regression equations are provided to describe the relationships of water use to plant age and to compute daily evapotranspiration: pan evaporation ratios (crop factors) for sweetpotatoes irrigated at 25, 50, and 100 kPa of soil water tension.

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Monitoring of Soil Water Content in Maize Rotated with Pigeonpea Fallows in South Africa

Water ◽

10.3390/w12102761 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2761

Author(s):

Misheck Musokwa ◽

Paramu L. Mafongoya ◽

Paxie W. Chirwa

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Block Design ◽

Maize Production ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Continuous Maize ◽

Water Tension

Maize production under smallholder systems in South Africa (RSA) depends on rainfall. Incidences of dry spells throughout the growing season have affected maize yields negatively. The study examined water distribution and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize rotated with two-year pigeonpea fallows as compared to continuous maize without fertilizer. A randomized complete block design, replicated three times, was used with four treatments, which included continuous unfertilized maize, natural fallow-maize, pigeonpea + grass-pigeonpea-maize, and two-year pigeonpea fallow-maize. Soil water mark sensors were installed 0.2; 0.5; and 1.2 m on each plot to monitor soil water tension (kPa). Soil samples were analyzed using pressure plates to determine water retention curves which were used to convert soil water tension to volumetric water content. Maize rotated with two-year pigeonpea fallows had higher dry matter yield (11,661 kg ha−1) and WUE (20.78 kg mm−1) than continuous maize (5314 kg ha−1 and 9.48 kg mm−1). In this era of water scarcity and drought incidences caused by climate change, maize rotated with pigeonpea fallows is recommended among smallholder farmers in RSA because of its higher WUE, hence food security will be guaranteed.

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Determination of soil water tension for irrigation management of sweet sorghum

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1189 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 1189

Author(s):

Karen Marcelle de Jesus Silva ◽

Ignacio Aspiazú ◽

Arley Fiqueiredo Portugal ◽

Renato Mendes de Oliveira ◽

Polyanna Mara de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Sweet Sorghum ◽

Block Design ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Water Retention Curve ◽

Soil Water Retention Curve ◽

Soil Water Retention ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Water Tension

Culturing of sweet sorghum is being considered as an excellent option for ethanol production, from an agronomical and industrial point of view. At present, information regarding the best soil water tension for beginning sweet sorghum irrigation is not available; hence, this study aimed to determine the adequate soil water tension under field conditions for beginning irrigation of four cultivars of sorghum. Two experiments were conducted at Nova Porteirinha, MG, in a randomized block design with sub-subdivided plots having four replications. Each experiment comprised six treatments of soil water tension (plots)-20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kPa-for resuming sweet sorghum irrigation, and four sweet sorghum cultivars (subplots)-BRS 508, BRS 509, BRS 511, and CMSXS647. After planting, the soil water level in the plots was elevated to field capacity (10 kPa), and then the treatments were applied. During treatment application, irrigation was resumed when the soil water tension reached the limit established in order to elevate the soil water tension to 10 kPa. The amount of water replaced during each irrigation was determined by generating a soil water retention curve for the experimental area. The following parameters were evaluated: green mass production, juice volume, soluble solids (Brix), and tons of Brix per hectare (TBH). The different soil water tensions and cultivars, agricultural year, and interaction between tension and year significantly affected (p ? 0.05) the characteristics evaluated, according to the F test. The agronomical characteristics of the evaluated cultivars showed linear relationship with water supply in the soil. According to TBH, irrigation of sweet sorghum needs to be performed when the soil tension reaches 20 kPa. The TBH values did not differ significantly among the four cultivars at the 5% significance level according to Tukey test.

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Short-duration Water Stress Decreases Onion Single Centers without Causing Translucent Scale

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.6.1450 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 1450-1455 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Clinton C. Shock ◽

Erik B.G. Feibert ◽

Lamont D. Saunders

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Soil Water ◽

Short Duration ◽

Growing Season ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Physiological Disorder ◽

Early Season ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Water Tension

Single centeredness has become an important onion attribute for marketing because of the use of onions in food products such as onion rings. Although onion single centeredness is largely cultivar dependent, it may also be influenced by growing conditions. These trials tested the effects of early-season, short-duration water stress on onion single centeredness. The effects of the short-duration water stress were also evaluated on onion yield, grade, and translucent scale. Translucent scale is a physiological disorder thought to be influenced by water stress. Onions were drip irrigated automatically at a soil water tension (SWT) of 20 kPa and were submitted to short-duration water stress in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Onions in each treatment were stressed once at either the two-leaf, four-leaf, early six-leaf, late six-leaf, or eight-leaf stage and were compared with a minimally stressed control. Onions were stressed by interrupting irrigations until the SWT at a 0.2-m depth reached 60 kPa, at which time the irrigations were resumed. Onion single centeredness was reduced by short-duration water stress in 2003 and 2005. Onions were sensitive to the formation of multiple centers with water stress at the four-leaf to late six-leaf stages. The 2004 growing season was characterized by cool, moist conditions, and water stress did not affect single centeredness. Among all treatments and years, marketable yield was only reduced in 2005, with stress at the four-leaf and eight-leaf stages. The incidence of translucent scale was very low each year and was not related to early-season water stress.

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Pigeonpea Yield and Water Use Efficiency: A Savior under Climate Change-Induced Water Stress

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Misheck Musokwa ◽

Paramu Mafongoya

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Water Tension

Frequent droughts have threatened the crop yields and livelihoods of many smallholder farmers in South Africa. Pigeonpea can be grown by farmers to mitigate the impacts of droughts caused by climate change. An experiment was conducted at Fountainhill Farm from January 2016 to December 2017. The trial examined grain yield in addition to water use efficiency (WUE) of pigeonpea intercropped with maize versus sole pigeonpea and maize. A randomized complete block design, replicated three times, was used. Soil water tension was measured at 20, 50, and 120 cm within plots. The highest and lowest soil water tension was recorded at 20 m and 120 m respectively. Combined biomass and grain yield were significantly different: pigeonpea + maize (5513 kg ha−1) > pigeonpea (3368 kg ha−1) > maize (2425 kg ha−1). A similar trend was observed for WUE and land equivalent ratio (LER), where pigeonpea + maize outperformed all sole cropping systems. The inclusion of pigeonpea in a traditional mono-cropping system is recommended for smallholder farmers due to greater WUE, LER and other associated benefits such as food, feed and soil fertility amelioration, and it can reduce the effects of droughts induced by climate change.

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CULTIVO DA BETERRABA SOB DIFERENTES TENSÕES DE ÁGUA NO SOLO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2019v24n2p220-235 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 220-235

Author(s):

Jonathan Rocha Miranda ◽

Geraldo Magela Pereira

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Innovative Design ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Experimental Area ◽

Engineering Department ◽

Water Tension

CULTIVO DA BETERRABA SOB DIFERENTES TENSÕES DE ÁGUA NO SOLO JONATHAN DA ROCHA MIRANDA¹ E GERALDO MAGELA PEREIRA² 1Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola pela Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) – Campus Universitário, Departamento de Engenharia, C.P. 3037 – CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brasil. [email protected]; ²Professor Titular da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) - Campus Universitário, Departamento de Engenharia, C.P. 3037- CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brasil. [email protected]. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar o efeito de diferentes tensões de água no solo sobre a produção de beterraba, cultivada em ambiente protegido e irrigada por gotejamento, de forma a estabelecer critérios para o manejo adequado da irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Lavras, no período de fevereiro a maio de 2016. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam as tensões da água no solo de 15; 25; 35; 45; 55 e 65 kPa. Conclui-se que para a obtenção de maior produtividade e eficiência no usa da água, as irrigações devem ser realizadas quando a tensão da água no solo estiver em torno de 15 kPa, a uma profundidade de 0,15 m. Palavras-chave: Manejo de irrigação; Ambiente protegido; Sensor de Resistência Elétrica; Eficiência no Uso da Água. MIRANDA, J.R; PEREIRA, G.M. BEET CULTIVATION UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL WATER TENSIONS 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different soil water stresses on beet production, cultivated in a protected environment and irrigated by drip irrigation, to establish criteria for proper irrigation management. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Engineering Department of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), from February to May 2016. The innovative design was a randomized complete block (DBC), with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of six soil water tension stresses (15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 kPa). From the results obtained, it was concluded that to achieve higher values of productivity and efficiency in the use of water, irrigations should be carried out when the water tension in the soil is around 15 kPa, to a depth of 0.15 m. Keywords: Irrigation management; Protected environment; Watermark, Efficiency in Water Use.

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Within-Field Variability in Granular Matrix Sensor Data and its Implications for Irrigation Scheduling

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.13918 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 437-449

Author(s):

Tsz Him Lo ◽

H C Pringle ◽

Daran R Rudnick ◽

Geng Bai ◽

L Jason Krutz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Water ◽

Irrigation Scheduling ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Moisture Sensor ◽

Soil Moisture Sensor ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Granular Matrix ◽

Water Tension ◽

Field Variability

Highlights Within-field variability was larger for individual depths than for the profile average across multiple depths. Distributions of the profile average were approximately normal, with increasing variances as the soil was drying. Probability theory was applied to quantify the effect of sensor set number on irrigation scheduling. The benefit of additional sensors sets may decrease for longer irrigation cycles and for more heterogeneous fields. Abstract. Even when located within the same field, multiple units of the same soil moisture sensor rarely report identical values. Such within-field variability in soil moisture sensor data is caused by natural and manmade spatial heterogeneity and by inconsistencies in sensor construction and installation. To better describe this variability, daily soil water tension values from 14 to 23 sets of granular matrix sensors during the middle part of four soybean site-years in the Mississippi Delta were analyzed. The soil water tension data were found to follow approximately normal distributions, to exhibit moderately high temporal rank stability, and to show strong positive correlation between mean and variance. Based on these observations and the existing literature, a probabilistic conceptual framework was proposed for interpreting within-field variability in granular matrix sensor data. This framework was then applied to investigate the impact of sensor set number (i.e., number of replicates) and irrigation triggering threshold on the scheduling of single-day and multi-day irrigation cycles. If a producer’s primary goal of irrigation scheduling is to keep soil water adequate in a particular fraction of land on average, the potential benefit from increasing sensor set number may be smaller than traditionally expected. Improvement, expansion, and validation of this probabilistic framework are welcomed for developing a practical and robust approach to selecting the sensor set number and the irrigation triggering threshold for diverse soil moisture sensor types in diverse contexts. Keywords: Irrigation scheduling, Probability, Sensors, Soil moisture, Soil water tension, Variability, Watermark.

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Potassium silicate as a resistance elicitor in sweet corn yield traits under water stress

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas ◽

10.17584/rcch.2019v13i1.7916 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ausbie L.G. Araújo ◽

Amanda M. de Almeida ◽

João De J. Guimarães ◽

Fernando S. de Cantuário ◽

Leandro C. Salomão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Soil Water ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Block Design ◽

Potassium Silicate ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Soil Water Tension ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Corn Plants

Plant water stress is a major problem in the Cerrado biome of Brazil. Dry periods and random climatic events cause quality and yield losses in sweet corn plants. Compounds, such as silicon (Si), are being studied to reduce the negative impacts of water stress on agricultural crops. Further tests may allow farmers to increase the use of silicon-based compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production parameters of the sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) (Poaceae) Tropical Plus® hybrid with water stress and potassium silicate doses applied with foliar spraying. A randomized block design with four soil water tensions (15, 30, 45 and 60 kPa) and four potassium silicate doses (0, 6, 12 and 24 L ha-1) was used in a greenhouse. The studied factors, alone or in interaction with each other, did not affect most of the sweet corn yield parameters. The hypothesis that these results may have been partially affected by the presence of silicon are discussed. The sweet corn plant yield was affected mainly by the soil water tension of 60 kPa.

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