scholarly journals Influence of cutting management on photosynthetic parameters, heat use efficiency and productivity of barley (Hordium vulgare L.) under variable sowing dates

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
BALWINDER S. DHILLON ◽  
R.S. UPPAL
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Cutting Management

Field experiments were conducted during 2015–16 and 2016–17 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to study the effect of staggered sowing on photosynthetic parameters, heat use efficiency and the productivity of barley (Hordium vulgare L.) in relation to different cutting management. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three sowing dates (October 15, October 30 and November 15) in main plots and five cutting management [un-cut (control), cut at 50 days after sowing (DAS), cut at 60 DAS, cut at 50 DAS + additional 15 kg N ha-1 after cut (N15) and cut at 60 DAS + additional 15 kg N ha-1 after cut (N15)] in sub plots,replicated four times. The results indicated that photosynthetic parameters (PAR interception, chlorophyll index and normalized difference vegetation index) decreased significantly and progressively with each delay in sowing. Heat use efficiency and helio thermal use efficiency of October 15 and October 30 sown crops were statistically similar. Delay in sowing caused significant reduction in fodder, grain and biological yield of barley probably due to significant reduction in photosynthetic parameters.Nitrogen application after fodder cut improved the chlorophyll index, whereas, cutting did not influence the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI).Un-cut crop recorded higher PAR interception.Significantly higher heat use efficiency and helio thermal use efficiency were recorded in uncutcrop. Un-cut and fodder cut at 50 DAS produced similar grain and biological yield and significantly higher than other cutting treatments. Cut at 60 DAS gave higher fodder yield but at the cost of 9.43-18.3 per cent reduction in grain yield than cut at 50 DAS. Correlation studies indicated significant positive correlation of grain yield with photosynthetic parameters, emphasizing the importance of higher growth and photosynthetic rate during reproductive period for best yield accrual from barley.

scholarly journals Increase maize productivity and water use efficiency through application of potassium silicate under water stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Gomaa ◽  
Essam E. Kandil ◽  
Atef A. M. Zen El-Dein ◽  
Mamdouh E. M. Abou-Donia ◽  
Hayssam M. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractIn Egypt, water shortage has become a key limiting factor for agriculture. Water-deficit stress causes different morphological, physiological, and biochemical impacts on plants. Two field experiments were carried out at Etay El-Baroud Station, El-Beheira Governorate, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt, to evaluate the effect of potassium silicate (K-silicate) of maize productivity and water use efficiency (WUE). A split-plot system in the four replications was used under three irrigation intervals during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Whereas 10, 15, and 20 days irrigation intervals were allocated in main plots, while the three foliar application treatments of K-silicate (one spray at 40 days after sowing; two sprays at 40 and 60 days; and three sprays at 40, 60, and 80 days, and a control (water spray) were distributed in the subplots. All the treatments were distributed in 4 replicates. The results indicated that irrigation every 15 days gave the highest yield in both components and quality. The highly significant of (WUE) under irrigation every 20 days. Foliar spraying of K-silicate three times resulted in the highest yield. Even under water-deficit stress, irrigation every fifteen days combined with foliar application of K-silicate three times achieved the highest values of grain yield and its components. These results show that K-silicate treatment can increase WUE and produce high grain yield requiring less irrigation.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Sowing Dates of Wheat under Arid and Semi-Arid Climatic Regions and Impact Quantification of Climate Change through Mechanistic Modeling with Evidence from Field

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Jamshad Hussain ◽  
Tasneem Khaliq ◽  
Muhammad Habib ur Rahman ◽  
Asmat Ullah ◽  
Ishfaq Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Rcp 8.5 ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Rising temperature from climate change is the most threatening factor worldwide for crop production. Sustainable wheat production is a challenge due to climate change and variability, which is ultimately a serious threat to food security in Pakistan. A series of field experiments were conducted during seasons 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 in the semi-arid (Faisalabad) and arid (Layyah) regions of Punjab-Pakistan. Three spring wheat genotypes were evaluated under eleven sowing dates from 16 October to 16 March, with an interval of 14–16 days in the two regions. Data for the model calibration and evaluation were collected from field experiments following the standard procedures and protocols. The grain yield under future climate scenarios was simulated by using a well-calibrated CERES-wheat model included in DSSAT v4.7. Future (2051–2100) and baseline (1980–2015) climatic data were simulated using 29 global circulation models (GCMs) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. These GCMs were distributed among five quadrants of climatic conditions (Hot/Wet, Hot/Dry, Cool/Dry, Cool/Wet, and Middle) by a stretched distribution approach based on temperature and rainfall change. A maximum of ten GCMs predicted the chances of Middle climatic conditions during the second half of the century (2051–2100). The average temperature during the wheat season in a semi-arid region and arid region would increase by 3.52 °C and 3.84 °C, respectively, under Middle climatic conditions using the RCP 8.5 scenario during the second half-century. The simulated grain yield was reduced by 23.5% in the semi-arid region and 35.45% in the arid region under Middle climatic conditions (scenario). Mean seasonal temperature (MST) of sowing dates ranged from 16 to 27.3 °C, while the mean temperature from the heading to maturity (MTHM) stage was varying between 12.9 to 30.4 °C. Coefficients of determination (R2) between wheat morphology parameters and temperature were highly significant, with a range of 0.84–0.96. Impacts of temperature on wheat sown on 15 March were found to be as severe as to exterminate the crop before heading. The spikes and spikelets were not formed under a mean seasonal temperature higher than 25.5 °C. In a nutshell, elevated temperature (3–4 °C) till the end-century can reduce grain yield by about 30% in semi-arid and arid regions of Pakistan. These findings are crucial for growers and especially for policymakers to decide on sustainable wheat production for food security in the region.

scholarly journals Co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in soybean cultivars subjected to water déficit

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra M. de L. Naoe ◽  
Joênes M. Peluzio ◽  
Leonardo J. M. Campos ◽  
Lucas K. Naoe ◽  
Roberta A. e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Plant Genotype ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Soybean Plants

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the effect of co-inoculation, association between Azospirillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria, on soybean plants subjected to water deficit at two sowing dates. Two field experiments were conducted at the Universidade Federal de Tocantins, campus of Palmas, Brazil, in 2016. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a split-split-plot arrangement with four repetitions, where the plots consisted of two irrigation depths (100 and 25% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc), the subplots was composed of two methods of inoculant application (inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense + Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and the sub-subplots comprised two soybean cultivars (TMG 132 and ANTA 82). The cultivars responded differently to the sowing dates. Co-inoculation did not influence grain yield under full irrigation conditions (100% ETc), in neither cultivar evaluated. However, under the water deficit condition (25% ETc), the grain yield of the cultivar TMG 132 increased 77.20%, indicating that there are different responses of interaction between Azospirillum brasilense, plant genotype and sowing dates.

scholarly journals Simulation of fertilizer requirement for irrigated wheat in Eastern India using the QUEFTS model

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debtanu Maiti ◽  
D.K. Das ◽  
H. Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Crop Modeling ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Crop modeling can provide us with information about fertilizer dose to achieve the target yield, crop conditions, etc. Due to conventional and imbalanced fertilizer application, nutrient use efficiency in wheat is low. Estimation of fertilizer requirements based on quantitative approaches can assist in improving yields and nutrient use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted at 20 sites in eastern India (Nadia district of West Bengal) to assess the soil supply, requirement, and internal efficiency of N, P, K, and Zn in wheat. The data were used to calibrate the QUEFTS (Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils) model for site-specific, balanced fertilizer recommendations. The parameters of maximum accumulation (a) and maximum dilution (d) in wheat were calculated for N (35, 100), P (129, 738), K (17, 56), and Zn (21502, 140244). Grain yield of wheat showed statistically significant correlation with N (R2= 0.937**), P (R2= 0.901**), and K uptake (R2= 0.801**). The NPK ratio to produce 1 tonne grain yield of wheat was calculated to be 4.9:1.0:8.9. The relationships between chemical properties and nutrient-supplying capacity of soils were also established. The model was validated using the data from four other experiments. Observed yields with different amounts of N, P, K, and Zn were in good agreement with the predicted values, suggesting that the validated QUEFTS model can be used for site-specific nutrient management of wheat.

scholarly journals Determining nitrogen deficiencies for maize using various remote sensing indices

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayden W. Burns ◽  
V. Steven Green ◽  
Ahmed A. Hashem ◽  
Joseph H. Massey ◽  
Aaron M. Shew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Maize Grain

AbstractDetermining a precise nitrogen fertilizer requirement for maize in a particular field and year has proven to be a challenge due to the complexity of the nitrogen inputs, transformations and outputs in the nitrogen cycle. Remote sensing of maize nitrogen deficiency may be one way to move nitrogen fertilizer applications closer to the specific nitrogen requirement. Six vegetation indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), red-edge normalized difference vegetation index (RENDVI), triangle greenness index (TGI), normalized area vegetation index (NAVI) and chlorophyll index-green (CIgreen)] were evaluated for their ability to detect nitrogen deficiency and predict grain maize grain yield. Strip trials were established at two locations in Arkansas, USA, with nitrogen rate as the primary treatment. Remote sensing data was collected weekly with an unmanned aerial system (UAS) equipped with a multispectral and thermal sensor. Relationships among index value, nitrogen fertilizer rate and maize growth stage were evaluated. Green NDVI, RENDVI and CIgreen had the strongest relationship with nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Chlorophyll Index-green and GNDVI were the best predictors of maize grain yield early in the growing season when the application of additional nitrogen was still agronomically feasible. However, the logistics of late season nitrogen application must be considered.

scholarly journals Assessment of Genetic Variability and Direct-Indirect Contribution of Post-Anthesis Traits to the Grain Yield in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Different Sowing Dates

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
Sami Ul-Allah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Late Sowing

In cotton-wheat cropping system of Pakistan, sowing of wheat is delayed which results in a heavy loss to the farmers. To this end, a two-year field experiment was conducted to i) asses the performance of genotypes under late sowing ii) heritability and genetic association of different traits under normal and late sowing for their use in the breeding programs. Experimental factors included 20 diverse wheat genotypes (16 advance lines and 04 approved varieties) factorially combined with two sowing dates i.e., normal sowing (11 and 13 November in 2018 and 2019, respectively) and late sowing (09 and 11 December in 2018 and 2019, respectively). The results revealed a highly significant (P < 0.01) effect of genotype and sowing date on all the post-anthesis studied traits and the interaction of the two factors was also significant (P < 0.01) for all the traits except number of spikelets per spike. Contribution of sowing dates was more in overall variation of different post-anthesis traits than genotypes and their interaction. With respect to the performance, genotype 9725 performed best in both early and late sowing, but a reduction of 26% in the grain yield was observed due to late sowing, whereas the grain yield of Miraj-2008 was comparatively lower but showed a reduction of only 17% due to late sowing. Number of tillers per plant and biological yield showed a highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation (r= 0.38 and 0.72, respectively) with grain yield under normal conditions, but path analyses revealed that number of tillers per plant showed association indirectly through biological yield and its direct effect is only one third of the total effect. Under late sowing, association of number of tillers turned non-significant and direct effect become negative which showed complicated association of this trait under normal and late sowing. High broad sense heritability (H2 > 75%) of all the traits suggests a good genetic gain in breeding program by using these traits. As different genotypes performed best for different yield related traits, therefore a breeding program with a careful crossing plan should be developed to pyramid the genes for different traits for the development of genotypes adapted to late sowing. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Grain yield and water use efficiency of early maturing wheat in low rainfall Mediterranean environments

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Regan ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
D. Tennant ◽  
D. G. Abrecht
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Short Season

Wheat cultivars with very early maturities appropriate for late sowings in low-rainfall (<325 mm) short-season environments are currently unavailable to wheat growers in the eastern margin of the cropping region of Western Australia. A demonstration that very early-maturing genotypes can out-perform current commercial cultivars would open new opportunities for breeding programs to select very early-maturing, high- and stable-yielding cultivars for these environments. Six field experiments were conducted over 4 seasons at 2 low-rainfall sites in Western Australia to investigate crop growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of very early-maturing genotypes compared with current commercial cultivars when sown after 1 June. Very early-maturing genotypes reached anthesis up to 24 days (328 degree-days) earlier than the current cultivars, produced less leaves, had similar yields and dry matter, and maintained high water use efficiencies. On average across seasons and locations the very early-maturing genotypes (W87–022–511, W87–114–549, W87–410–509) yielded more than the later maturing cultivars Gamenya and Spear (190 v. 160 g/m2) but they were similar to the early-maturing commercial cultivars Kulin and Wilgoyne (191 g/m2). Very early-maturing genotypes generally had a higher harvest index and produced fewer spikelets, but heavier and more grains, than Kulin and Wilgoyne. There were only small differences in total water use between very early-maturing genotypes and commercial cultivars; however, very early-maturing genotypes used less water in the pre-anthesis period and more water in the post-anthesis period than the later maturing genotypes, and hence, experienced less water deficit during the grain-filling period. This study indicates that there is a role for very early-maturing genotypes in low-rainfall short-season environments, when the first autumn rains arrive late (after 1 June).

Effect of Sowing Dates and Maize Cultivars in Growth and Yield of Maize along with their Agro-Climatic Indices in Nawalparasi, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH SHRESTHA ◽  
LAL PRASAD AMGAIN ◽  
TIKA BAHADUR KARKI ◽  
KHEM RAJ DAHAL ◽  
JIBAN SHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Climatic Indices ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Research Period ◽  
Late Sowing

A field experiment on different maize cultivars planted at different sowing dates were accomplished at Kawasoti-5, Nawalparasi during spring season of 2013 to find suitable sowing date and maize cultivar for the location. Along with this, effect of sowing dates and maize cultivars on different agro-climatic indices were also calculated using formulas. Result showed that RML- 4/RML-17 produced higher kernel rows ear-1 (13.77), kernel per row (30.42) and test weight (244.9 g). Significantly higher grain yield was also found for RML-4/RML-17 (6.03 tha-1) compared to Poshilo makai-1 (4.73 t ha-1), Arun-2 (3.55 t ha-1) and Local (2.92 t ha-1). Earlier sowing date (7th April) produced higher kernel row-1 (27.97), kernel rows ear-1 (12.89) and 1000 grain weight (230 g). Significantly higher grain yield (5.13t ha-1) was obtained in earlier sowing date (7th April). Although the mean ambient temperature during research period was increasing with delayed sowing, days to attain different phenological stages decreased with late sowing. The statistically similar GDD was recorded for different sowing dates and higher PTI values were noticed with delay in planting. Similarly, heat use efficiency (HUE) was found higher in early sowing date. Arun-2 had small reduction in HUE so, it can be considered stable and best cultivar among the tested cultivars.

Influence of nipping and foliar application of nutrients on growth and yield of chickpea in rain-fed condition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ejaz Ahmad Khan ◽  
Iqtidar Hussain ◽  
Sheryar . ◽  
Hafiz Bashir Ahmad ◽  
Iqbal Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
1000 Grain Weight ◽  
Number Of Branches

Although,chickpea isnitrogen fixing crop but water scarcity under rain-fed condition reduces its nodulation process severely and nutrients use efficiency too. An experiment was carried out regarding the combined effect of nipping as well as foliar applied fertilizers on yield and yield components of chickpea under rain-fed conditions. Nipping and foliar application of nutrients significantly improved number of pods plant-1, biological yield (kg ha-1), harvest index (%) and final grain yield (kg ha-1). However, non-significant influence was seen in 1000-grain weight and number of grains pod-1. Foliar application of N PK (20:20:20) @2.5 kg ha-1 × nipping was found to be the best interaction among others which significantly increased number of branches plant-1 (11.30), number of pods plant-1(115.36), plant height(59.48cm) and grain yield(2338.9 kg ha-1) as compared to the control treatment. Nipping along with foliar application of NPKcan be practiced in chickpea for higher profitability.

scholarly journals Using a Portable Active Sensor to Monitor Growth Parameters and Predict Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayi Zhang ◽  
Xia Liu ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Qiang Cao ◽  
Yongchao Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Area Index

Rapid and effective acquisition of crop growth information is a crucial step of precision agriculture for making in-season management decisions. Active canopy sensor GreenSeeker (Trimble Navigation Limited, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is a portable device commonly used for non-destructively obtaining crop growth information. This study intended to expand the applicability of GreenSeeker in monitoring growth status and predicting grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Four field experiments with multiple wheat cultivars and N treatments were conducted during 2013–2015 for obtaining canopy normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ratio vegetation index (RVI) synchronized with four agronomic parameters: leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), and leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA). Duration models based on NDVI and RVI were developed to monitor these parameters, which indicated that NDVI and RVI explained 80%, 68–70%, 10–12%, and 67–73% of the variability in LAI, LDM, LNC and LNA, respectively. According to the validation results, the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) were all <0.24 and the relative error (RE) were all <23%. Considering the variation among different wheat cultivars, the newly normalized vegetation indices rNDVI (NDVI vs. the NDVI for the highest N rate) and rRVI (RVI vs. the RVI for the highest N rate) were calculated to predict the relative grain yield (RY, the yield vs. the yield for the highest N rate). rNDVI and rRVI explained 77–85% of the variability in RY, the RRMSEs were both <0.13 and the REs were both <6.3%. The result demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring growth parameters and predicting grain yield of winter wheat with portable GreenSeeker sensor.

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