Metabolic syndrome, inflammation and atherothrombosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (04) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Weiss ◽  
M. Rohla
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Pattern

SummaryExtensive research of the past decades altered our traditional concept about the genesis of atherosclerosis fundamentally. Today, the crucial role of inflammation in the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques is indisputable. Patients at high risk for developing cardiovascular disease, owing to poor diet, obesity and low physical activity have been shown to exhibit a particular inflammatory pattern.Therefore, the present review highlights the crosslink between the metabolic syndrome (MetS), adipose tissue, adipokines and selected inflammatory cytokines in the context of atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease.

Metabolic Syndrome, a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor: Role of Adipocytokines and Impact of Diet and Physical Activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay E. Robinson ◽  
Terry E. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Key Words Insulin ◽  
Diet And Physical Activity ◽  
The Impact

The metabolic syndrome comprises an array of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Insulin resistance and/or increased abdominal (visceral) obesity have been suggested as potential etiological factors. More recently, increasing evidence has associated insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation involving cytokines derived from adipose tissue, or adipocytokines. Despite the fact that precise mechanisms have yet to be established, there is a significant role for both diet and physical activity to improve the many factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, including modulation of various adipocytokines. Although both diet and physical activity have been studied for their ability to modify cytokines in more traditional inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, they have been less studied in relation to inflammation as an underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome and/or CVD. A more thorough understanding of the clustering of metabolic abnormalities and their underlying etiology will help to define diet and physical activity guidelines for preventing and treating the metabolic syndrome, an important aspect of CVD prevention. This paper will address potential underlying causes of the metabolic syndrome, with a focus on the putative mechanistic role of adipocytokines, and will discuss the impact of diet and physical activity on the metabolic syndrome. Key words: insulin resistance syndrome, obesity, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, PAI-1, inflammation, nutrition, exercise

scholarly journals Exercise Induced Adipokine Changes and the Metabolic Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Golbidi ◽  
Ismail Laher
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Exercise Induced

The lack of adequate physical activity and obesity created a worldwide pandemic. Obesity is characterized by the deposition of adipose tissue in various parts of the body; it is now evident that adipose tissue also acts as an endocrine organ capable of secreting many cytokines that are though to be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Adipokines, or adipose tissue-derived proteins, play a pivotal role in this scenario. Increased secretion of proinflammatory adipokines leads to a chronic inflammatory state that is accompanied by insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Lifestyle change in terms of increased physical activity and exercise is the best nonpharmacological treatment for obesity since these can reduce insulin resistance, counteract the inflammatory state, and improve the lipid profile. There is growing evidence that exercise exerts its beneficial effects partly through alterations in the adipokine profile; that is, exercise increases secretion of anti-inflammatory adipokines and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. In this paper we briefly describe the pathophysiologic role of four important adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the metabolic syndrome and review some of the clinical trials that monitored these adipokines as a clinical outcome before and after exercise.

scholarly journals World endocrinology news

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
M A Berkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

The role of interleukin-6 in insulin resistance, body fat distribution and energy balance Disorders of glucose metabolism and risk of oral cancer. Duration of lactation is associated with lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in midlife--SWAN, the study of women's health across the nation. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Adypocyte prolactin: regulation of release and putative functions.

The Role of Adipose Tissue Hypercortisolemia in the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Severely Obese Patients.

2010 ◽  
pp. P2-467-P2-467
Author(s):  
M Michalaki ◽  
V Kyriazopoulou ◽  
A Antonacopoulou ◽  
M Nikolaou ◽  
A Tsoukas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Severely Obese

Role of vitamins in the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asdrubal Aguilera-Méndez ◽  
Daniel Boone-Villa ◽  
Renato Nieto-Aguilar ◽  
Santiago Villafaña-Rauda ◽  
Alfredo Saavedra Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract 040: Comparison of Effects of Reux en Y Gastric Bypass and Intra-abdominal Lipectomy on Cardiovascular Function in the Metabolic Syndrome

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Soler ◽  
Brenda Hutcheson ◽  
Jenny Yang ◽  
Chastity Bradford ◽  
Frank Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Artery Stiffness ◽  
Abdominal Lipectomy

Central (visceral) obesity is a key feature of the metabolic syndrome and an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Reux en Y gastric bypass (RnY) has been shown to offer protection against cardiovascular disease, but residual risk remains. It is also unknown whether the cardiovascular benefit is a consequence of a decrease in visceral (intra-abdominal) adipose tissue or of other factors. In this study, we compared the effects of RnY vs. removal of 90% of visceral adipose tissue (=5% body weight) by intra-abdominal lipectomy on cardiac function (echocardiography), macrovascular function (carotid artery stiffness) and microvascular function (coronary artery endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation) in a metabolic syndrome rat model (JCR:LA-cp, JCR). Cardiac output (CO) and ejection fraction (EF) were significantly decreased in JCR vs. normal (Sprague-Dawley, SD) rats (CO=50±5%, EF=45±2% of normal), and were significantly improved by both RnY and intra-abdominal lipectomy (CO=75±6%, EF=82±2% and CO=80±3%, EF=90±2% of normal, respectively). Likewise, acetylcholine-dependent coronary artery vasorelaxation was impaired in JCR rats (50±1% of normal), and was significantly improved by both RnY and intra-abdominal lipectomy (98±2% and 98±3% of normal, respectively). Carotid artery stiffness was significantly increased in JCR rats (~2 fold vs. SD), and was normalized by intra-abdominal lipectomy (to equal SD), but not by RnY (~2 fold vs. SD). Intra-abdominal lipectomy but not RnY also decreased cardiac and vascular elastin degradation in JCR rats (Lipectomy: ~50% (heart), ~75% (carotid); RnY: ~15% (heart), ~5% (carotid) vs. untreated JCR, respectively), concomitant with a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12), a major elastase, activation (~50% (heart), ~75% (carotid), ~87% (visceral fat), ~75% (circulating) vs. untreated JCR) and in 20-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (20-HETE) levels (~4 (heart), ~7 (carotid), ~4 (visceral fat), ~4 (circulating) fold vs. untreated JCR). Thus, our data indicate that intra-abdominal adipose tissue itself is a source of factors that may be important negative regulators of micro- and macrovascular and cardiac function, but are not eliminated by RnY.

scholarly journals The Role of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Regulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Phelan ◽  
David M. Kerins
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Pai 1

<p>Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipid abnormalities, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, are cardiovascular risk factors that are frequently present in patients with obesity. Haemostatic and fibrinolytic disturbances are also considered to be important risk factors for CVD hence, a potential link between CVD, obesity and the metabolic syndrome arises. Regulation of the fibrinolytic system can occur at the level of plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). PAI-1, a glycoprotein, is one of the most important inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Regulation of this serine protease inhibitor may have a beneficial effect on other conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome. Human adipose tissue is a source of PAI-1. PAI-1 production may in turn be controlled by a number of hormones and cytokines which are secreted by adipose tissue in addition to dietary factors. In this review we summarise the current knowledge regarding the role of altered fibrinolytic function in obesity, CVD and hence the metabolic syndrome. Regulatory factors including different dietary components, weight loss and dietary intervention will also be discussed.</p>

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