Ayu-Dag and other evidence of the Wrath of the Lord

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kirilko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Catastrophic Earthquake ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Unusual Shape ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

An unusual shape of a laccolith in the southern coastal part of the Crimea, which, when seen from a distance, resembles a huge beast bending its muzzle to the water, could well determine its name, i. e. Ayu-Dag (Crimean Tatar — Ayuv Dağ, i. e. the Bear Mount). The legend about this toponym allegorically tells about a catastrophic earthquake, which the Crimean peninsula was exposed to in the Middle Ages. This natural phenomenon was reflected in three other local legends about the Castel Mount, Yalta and Sunen-Kaya. Most likely, this calamity took place during the first war between Kaffa and Theodoro, in October-November of 1423. In many ways, it can be compared with the notorious Yalta earthquake of 1927. The archaeological works on a number of medieval sites in the region can give a good idea of the consequences of the 15th-century seismic event, which embodied the wrath of the Lord: a monastery on the south-eastern slope of the Ayu-Dag, Funa’s fort, Kalamita and Cembalo, and Basilica in Eski-Kermen.

STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA BY RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS (THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Oxana M. Kurnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The rich historical past of the Crimean peninsula, its natural wealth and resources, its beauty at all times attracted the attention of traveling researchers. In the period from the last quarter of the 15th century up to the end of the 18th century, Western and Eastern researchers, visiting the Crimean peninsula for various purposes, studied its geography, biology, and history. Russian scientists-travelers did not have the opportunity to make research trips across the Crimea until the end of the 18th century due to the fact that for three centuries (from 1475 till 1774) the Crimean peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, being one of its most important provinces, both in trade, economic, and military-strategic terms. With the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783, started the development of newly acquired territories. The beginning of the study of the lands of the Crimean peninsula by Russian scientists is primarily associated with political and economic changes and transformations in the region. For the development and growth of the economy of the Crimean region, information was needed about the structure of the region, its socio-economic and ethnographic features, as well as about its natural resources. Therefore, by order of the Empress of Russia Catherine II and the instructions of the country’s government, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts sends its scientists to the Crimea. Among Russian pioneers of the Crimean peninsula research in the late 18th century there were Vasily Zuev (1754–1794), Carl Ludwig Habliz (1752–1821), Theodor Chyorny (1745–1790), and Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). The expeditions of these outstanding scholars and travellers commenced the Crimean exploration by Russian scientists in various fields of science, thus, the end of the 18th century should be considered the beginning of Russian Crimean studies.

scholarly journals From Crimea to Syria. Re-defining the alleged historical earthquake of 63 B.C.

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Traina
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Event ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Historical Seismicity ◽  
Historical Earthquake ◽  
Historical Seismology ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Paulus Orosius ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

Within the SGA research on the historical seismicity of the Crimean Peninsula (SGA Report, 1990), interest has been focused on the case of the earthquake of 63 B.C. According to regional seismic catalogues as well as to historic and archaeological literature, two late Roman sources. Dio Cassius and Paulus Orosius, allegedly give evidence of an earthquake which happened in the Crimea in this year; the event was linked to the death of Mithridates V1 Eupator, eventually the king of Pontos. Local archaeologists claimed to have found evidence of this event in the excavations of Panticapaeunl (present-day Ker?). In fact. this is the result of a restricted analysis of the written sources. Thence stems a sort of iivulgatan. currently accepted by scholarship, yet not really supported by the evidence. A re-examination of the whole question, including an analysis of all sources avalaible on earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean. showed that in that period no seismic event took place in the Crimea. Dio's and Orosius' accounts are instead concerned with another earthquake, already known for Syria from other sources. This historical case gives a proper methodological example of the problems concerned with the analysis of the evidence in historical seismology. not only of Antiquity, but of almost any premodern period.

ANTHROPOGENIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE СRIMEAN ECOLOGY

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
N.P. Demchenko ◽  
N.Yu. Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
Business Owners ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The North ◽  
Chemical Release ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Russian Plant ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Town ◽  
Integrated Indicators ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The situation in the ecology of the Crimean Peninsula in recent years was discussed in the article. The analysis of absolute and integrated indicators of the anthropogenic impact showed that the ecological situation remains difficult, and according to some indicators even continues to deteriorate. In summer 2018, the situation had worsened because of the large chemical release of titanium dioxide on the north of the Crimea from the holding pond of a large Russian plant that is situated near the town of Armyansk. This, in turn, led to the contamination of the large territory on the north of the peninsula. This fact indicates insufficient control by officials of the Republic of Crimea over the implementation of the RF laws for environmental protection by business owners of various forms of ownership, especially private ownership, the level of responsibility for the environment of which is very low.

scholarly journals «”The Golden Age” of the Crimean Karaites»: publication of the new academic series

2020 ◽  
pp. 260-269
Author(s):  
Grigorii N. Kondratjuk ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The review examines new publications on the history of Karaites – the monographs “Karaites in the Russian Empire in the late 18th – early 20th centuries” and the “Karaite communities: biographies, facts and documents (late 18th – early 20th centuries”. They studied a significant chronological period – from the time of the Karaites appearing in the Crimea and up to the beginning of the 20th century. A reasoned conclusion is made that the so-called “ The Golden Age” is the most tense in the history of the Karaite people – the time from the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to the Russian Empire in 1783 and until 1917. It was during these 100 years when the significant transformations took place in the old-timers communities of the peninsula, when the ideas of Russian culture and education spread among the Crimean Karaites, and they themselves were actively integrated into Russian social structures. The monographs are equipped with a detailed historical excursion, which reveals many relevant and little-known facts from the past of the Karaites.

Two species of the genus Theristus Bastian, 1865 (Nematoda: Xyalidae) from the hypersaline water bodies of the Crimea (Azov-Black Sea basin)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4881 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-382
Author(s):  
TATIANA N. REVKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Hypersaline Water ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

Morphological descriptions of two species of the genus Theristus Bastian, 1865 belonging to group flevensis, found in the hypersaline water bodies of the Crimean Peninsula, are presented. Theristus siwaschensis sp. n. is morphologically closest to T. flevensis Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1935, T. parambronensis Timm, 1952, T. macroflevensis Gerlach, 1954, T. metaflevensis Gerlach, 1955, but differs from them by the structure of the reproductive system in females, number of cephalic setae and size of spicules. Specimens of T. flevensis found in the Lake Chersonesskoye are similar to the re-description of a large forms of T. flevensis from Chile by Murhy (1966) and Caspian Sea by Chesunov (1981). However, it differs from the Caspian Sea species by having larger amphids, longer cephalic setae and spicules. T. pratti Murph & Canaris, 1964 and T. ambronensis Schulz, 1937 are synonymized with T. flevensis.

scholarly journals Estonians in the Crimea

2003 ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
Jüri Viikberg ◽  
Ott Kurs
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Native Language ◽  
World War ◽  
Language Teacher ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The article gives an overview af Estonian peasants settling in the Crimea in the midl91hcentury.Havingfor several centuries been under the contra! af the Golden Hordeand the Crimean Khanate, the Crimean Peninsula was annexed by Russia in 1783.The imperial colonization policy that succeeded the deportation af the Crimean Tatarsta Turkey encouraged the peasants af the Estonian and Livonian gubernias ta emigrateta the Crimea. The drivingforces behind the emigration were not only economicbut also religious. For the members af a sect led by the Prophet Maltsvet the Crimeahad become the Promised Land.Thefirst Estonian settlements in the Crimea werefoundedin 1861-1864. Their namesZamruk, Kara-Kiyat, Konchi-Shavva, etc., indicate that the Estonians settled in thedeserted villages af Crimean Tatars. After a long journey and in an unfamiliar setting,it was di.fficult ta adapt ta and start a new life, but by the l 880s, the settlers hadalready established themselves. Sharing the community af interests, they built schoolsand churches together. When the Estonian writer Eduard Vildecame ta see the CrimeanEstonians in 1904, he could only give high praise for their ejforts.Ey the beginning af World War I, the Estonians in the Crimea had achieved a livingstandardwhich was the highestwhen compared ta other Estonians in Russia. In 1921,the number af Estonians in the Crimea was 2,367, whereas in 1995 there were onlyabout 500 Estonians living mainly at Beregovoe (Zamruk), Krasnodarka (KonchiShavva)and Novo-Estonia. Since the l 990s, Estonian cultural activities have againbecome possible in the Crimea. In Simferopol and Krasnodarka Estonian societieshave been established and any support from native Estonia would be welcome. Fromautumn 2002, a native language teacher from Estonia started ta work at theKrasnodarka secondary school.

scholarly journals Mapping of transformation processes in the ethnodemographic space of the Crimea

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-291
Author(s):  
Igor Voronin ◽  
Kseniya Sikach ◽  
Galina Sazonova ◽  
Alexandra Shvets
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Regional Community ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The article presents and summarizes the results of mapping transformational processes in the demographic and ethno-confessional space of the Crimea. Map plots reflect the options for visualizing data on demographic, ethnic and religious processes in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol over the past decades. The maps illustrate the dynamics of the population size and density, its natural movement, the balance of migration, marriage and divorce, territorial features of the settlement of large and small ethnic groups of the Crimea, the placement of religious buildings and religious communities on its territory. Maps of rural settlement and the appearance of villages with endangered populations were created and analyzed. The types of dynamics of demographic, ethnic and confessional situations in the Crimea are determined. The analysis of the peculiarities of the dynamics of the ethnodemographic space of the Crimea during the change of its political subjectivity is carried out. The main spatial patterns of the processes that form the modern portrait of the population of the Crimean Peninsula are revealed. The conclusion is made about the possibility of cartographic study of the demographic and ethno-confessional specifics of the territory after preliminary differentiation of socio-cultural processes within its boundaries into large-scale and local ones. This allows us to clarify not only the spatial, but also the essential markers of their occurrence. In modern Crimea, large-scale transformational socio-cultural processes should include all the reproductive and migration changes that are the result of demographic breakdowns that began in the 1990s. The processes of changing its ethnic and confessional spaces should be considered local in Crimea. Their mapping revealed the narrowing nature of such a phenomenon as the polyethnicity of the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. Cartographic study of socio-cultural processes in the Crimea confirmed the author’s hypothesis that the Crimean regional community has not completed the process of post-Soviet transformation and continues to support the development trends established at the end of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Syntaxonomy of segetal vegetation of the Crimea on the using cluster analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
N. A. Bagrikova
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Botanical Gardens ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Stellarietea Mediae ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

Aims. To make adjustments to the higher classification units of segetal vegetation of the Crimean peninsula based on the application of cluster analysis and modern conceps of syntaxonomy. Materials and methods. The analysis is based on 2876 own descriptions made in 1993-2011, 748 descriptions from the phyto-coenotic base of Flora and Vegetation Department of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, compiled in the 1960-1970s, and the descriptions from other literature sources. Results.The results of segetal vegetation studies of annual (cereal and tilled crops) and perennial (vineyards, orchards, plantations of essential-oil rose and lavender) of arable lands of the Crimean peninsula are presented. On the basis of the analysis the differentiation of communities on agrocoenotific gradient has been performed. Changes have been made to the classification scheme at the level of classes and orders. Crimean weedy communities are united in 51 associations, 15 alliances, 7 orders and 4 classes (Stellarietea mediae, Artemisietea vulgaris, Sisymbrietea, Oryzetea sativae).

scholarly journals Economic Data in the Surveyors’ Field Notes on the Crimean Economy at the Turn of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 983-994
Author(s):  
L. G. Stepanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Land Survey ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Economic Notes ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the source documents used by land surveyors to compile Economic Notes to the General Land Survey plans. The landmarking on the Crimean Peninsula began in the late 18th century, but by the early 19th century it was judged premature and suspended until development of special rules taking into account the peculiarities of land use in the region. And yet the field notes of land surveyors on the Crimean Peninsula of the turn of the 19th century preserve primary economic information to a greater extent than those on other territories of the Russian Empire. This information is presented in the “Skazki to the Economic Land Survey,” data collected from the local population. Skazki (“tales”) containing initial data for Economic Land Survey remain a poorly studied and rarely encountered source. Their identification in these field notes makes it possible to verify the accuracy of the Economic Land Survey and to restore the information excluded from the Brief Economic Notes and descriptions of specific lands in the lost Full and Cameral Economic Notes. The discovered “Skazki to the Economic Notes” on the Tauride gubernia are a unique source that makes it possible to assess the economy of Crimea at the turn of 19th century. They characterize natural environment, economic activities on the peninsula and occupations of its population, provide information on the soil conditions, available water resources, common species of trees, animals, birds, and fish. In their structure, they coincide with the skazki compiled in other regions of Russia, but have characteristic features that are associated with the identity of the Crimea and its economic condition in the late 18th century. The process of the Crimea development made its own adjustments to the land survey documentation. Unlike other regions, here the authors of the skazki were not only landowners’ attorneys, but also land owners themselves — local beys and murzes. The introduction of the skazki into scientific use opens opportunities for comparing their data with the preserved texts of the Economic Notes and for studying the history of the region at the micro level of individual settlements.

scholarly journals THE CRIMEAN CONFLICTING KNOT: COLONIAL DIMENSIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Serhiy Hrabovsky
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
Crimean Tatar ◽  
Ineffective Policy ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The article is devoted to outlining and exploring a number of important stories of the history and present situation of the Crimea. The author turns to the study of Russian colonial policy on the peninsula. This policy resulted in the annihilation of the Crimean Tatar people and the deliberate settlement of Crimea by specific categories of population from "mainland" Russia, and subsequently - from Soviet Ukraine. The colonial pressure of the tsarist authorities was changed after 1917 for a short period with the assertion of Crimean Tatar national communism as a modernizing anti-colonial movement. However, from the second half of the 1930s, colonial policy on the peninsula resumed, and in 1944 it became embodied in the forced deportation of indigenous peoples, especially the Crimean Tatars. Up until the second half of the 1980s, the Kremlin tried not to allow the Crimean Tatars to return to their historical homeland at all. Only at the time of perestroika the authorities of the USSR agreed to allow such a return, but simultaneously tried to dispense it in every possible way. At the same time, the Kremlin launched a special operation aimed at removing Crimea from Ukrainian jurisdiction and securing its status as a Russian colony. Also this attempt failed because of the collapse of the USSR, but the goal remained unchanged; Russia's annexation of Crimea was carried out in 2014. The author analyzes the reasons that enable the Russian propaganda to influence a large part of the Crimean population effectively. The article illustrates the ineffective policy of official Kyiv to minimize the effects of Russian colonialism on the Crimean Peninsula in 1991-2014. The article also examines the newest stage of colonization of Crimea by Russia, which began in 2014. The author concludes that in recent years, new conflicting factors on the Crimean peninsula have been added to the traditional ones, and they all require further special studies.

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