Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Different Algae Samples Extracted with Ultrasound: Characterizations, Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Potentials

The Mongolian rhubarb—Rheum undulatum L. (RU)—and Rumex crispus L. (RC)—a Taiwanese local rhubarb belonging to the family of Polygonaceae—are principal therapeutic materials in integrative medicine due to their rich quantities of bioactive compounds; however, their phytochemical and antioxidant properties, and anti-cancer activity is poorly investigated. Furthermore, the phytochemical characteristics of both species may be affected by their different geographical distribution and climatic variance. The current study aimed to compare RU with RC extracts in different polarity solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) for their phytochemical contents including the total phenolic content (TPC), total anthraquinone content (TAC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities, and anticancer ability on the HepG2 cell. Except for the n-hexane extract, all of the RU extracts had considerably higher TPCs than RC extracts, ranging from 8.39 to 11.16 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight, and the TPCs of each extract were also significantly correlated with their antioxidant capacities by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was no remarkable association between the antioxidant capacities and either TACs or TFCs in both the RU and RC extracts. Besides, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that both the RU and RC extracts contained chrysophanol, emodin, and physcion, and those bioactive compounds were relatively higher in the n-hexane solvent extracts. Additionally, we observed different levels of dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in all the extracts by cell viability assay. Notably, the ethanol extract of RU had a compelling cytotoxic effect with the lowest half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50-171.94 ± 6.56 µg/mL at 48 h) among the RU extracts than the ethanol extract of RC. Interestingly, the ethanol extract of RU but not RC significantly induced apoptosis in the human liver cancer cell line, HepG2, with a distinct pattern in caspase-3 activation, resulting in increased PARP cleavage and DNA damage. In summary, Mongolian Rhubarb, RU, showed more phytochemical contents, as well as a higher antioxidant capacity and apoptotic effect to HepG2 than RC; thus, it can be exploited for the proper source of natural antioxidants and liver cancer treatment in further investigation.

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GC-MS ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF STEREOSPERMUM FIMBRIATUM AGAINST SELECTED SKIN-ASSOCIATED PATHOGENS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.16972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

Anis Fadhlina Izyani Awang ◽

Zaidul Islam Sarker ◽

Fadzilah Adibah Abdul Majid ◽

Hassan I. Sheikh

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Disc Diffusion Assay ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Diffusion Assay ◽

Phytochemical Contents

Stereospermum fimbriatum (local name: “Chicha”) has been used traditionally to treat postpartum illness, stomachache, earache and itchy skin in Malaysia. This study was performed to investigate the phytochemical contents of S. fimbriatum (flowers, leaves, twig and stem bark) by phytochemicals screening and GC-MS analysis as well as to determine their antimicrobial potential against eleven skin-associated pathogens. The extraction was done by soxhlet extractor using n-hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol, successively. The antimicrobial activity of all extracts was screened by disc diffusion assay and selected active extracts were evaluated for their minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC & MBC). Phytochemicals such as steroids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were identified in different plant parts of S. fimbriatum. Hex and DCM extracts of stem bark were the most potent extracts especially against three susceptible pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (13-15 mm), S. aureus (14-15 mm) and S. epidermidis (16 mm). The range of MIC values for Hex and DCM extracts was 0.4 to 0.8 mg/mL. GC-MS analysis of Hex and DCM extracts showed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. The stem bark of S. fimbriatum was rich of bioactive compounds and exhibited potent antibacterial activity specifically against Staphylococci sp.

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Alterations in Herbage Yield, Antioxidant Activities, Phytochemical Contents, and Bioactive Compounds of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus Nutans L.) with Regards to Harvesting Age and Harvesting Frequency

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25122833 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 2833

Author(s):

Nur Mardhiati Afifa Abd Samat ◽

Syahida Ahmad ◽

Yahya Awang ◽

Ros Azrinawati Hana Bakar ◽

Mansor Hakiman

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Block Design ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Main Compound ◽

Clinacanthus Nutans ◽

Phytochemical Contents

Sabah snake grass or Clinacanthus nutans has drawn public interest having significant economic benefits attributable to the presence of phytochemicals and several interesting bioactive constituents that may differ according to harvesting age and harvesting frequency. The current study was aimed to evaluate the effect of harvesting age and harvesting frequency towards herbal yield, antioxidant activities, phytochemicals synthesis, and bioactive compounds of C. nutans. A factorial randomized completely block design with five replications was used to illustrate the relationship between herbal yield, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, total phenolic and flavonoid content affected by harvesting age (week 8, 12, and 16 after transplanting), and harvesting frequency (harvest 1, 2, and 3). The bioactive compounds by HPLC were also determined to describe the interaction effect between both harvesting age and harvesting frequency. The yield, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical contents were gradually increased as the plant grew, with the highest recorded during week 16. However, the synthesis and activities of phytochemicals were reduced in subsequent harvests despite the increment of the herbal yield. All bioactive compounds were found to be influenced insignificantly and significantly by harvesting age and harvesting frequency, respectively, specifically to shaftoside, iso-orientin, and orientin. Among all constituents, shaftoside was the main compound at various harvesting ages and harvesting frequencies. These results indicated that harvesting at week 16 with 1st harvest frequency might enhance the yield while sustaining the high synthesis of polyphenols and antioxidant activities of C. nutans.

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ANALISIS KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA PADA BERBAGAI JENIS MAKROALGA DI PANTAI JUNGWOK, KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL, YOGYAKARTA (Analysis of Phytochemical Contents in Various Types of Macroalgae at Jungwok Beach, Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta)

SAINTEK PERIKANAN Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology ◽

10.14710/ijfst.16.1.15-21 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

Heny Budi Setyorini ◽

Ernastin Maria

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Test Method ◽

Fresh Sample ◽

Screening Analysis ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Water Fraction ◽

Qualitative Test ◽

Phytochemical Contents

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia pada berbagai jenis makroalga di Pantai Jungwok, Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pantai Jungwok, Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Materi penelitian ini adalah makroalga (Ulva sp., Gracillaria sp., dan Boergesenia sp). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survei dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel makroalga menggunakan purposive sampling. Lokasi pengambilan sampel makroalga berada di bagian timur, tengah dan barat Pantai Jungwok. Analisis skrining fitokimia dilakukan dengan uji kualitatif. Analisis skrining alkaloid menggunakan metode Culvenor Fitzgerald, sedangkan untuk steroid dan terpenoid menggunakan metode Liebermann-Buchard Test, pada fraksi air yang terbentuk dilanjutkan dengan uji flavonoid, fenolik dan safonin. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sampel segar makroalga jenis Gracilaria sp., yang berada di bagian tengah Pantai Jungwok paling banyak mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti alkaloid, terpenoid dan flavonoid. The objective of this research was to identify the content of phytochemical in various types of macroalgae at Jungwok Beach, Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta. This research was conducted at Jungwok Beach, Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta. The material of this research were macroalgae (Ulva sp., Gracillaria sp., and Boergesenia sp.). This method of research used survey with a qualitative approach. The technique of collecting data was done through purposive sampling. The macroalgae samples were collected from the eastern, central and western part of Jungwok Beach. The phytochemical tests were carried out using qualitative test. Alkaloid screening analysis using the Culvenor Fitzgerald method, while for steroids and terpenoids using the Liberman Buchard Test method, the formed water fraction is followed by flavonoid, phenolic and safonin tests. The results showed that fresh sample of the macroalgae type Gracilaria sp., which is located in the middle of Jungwok Beach, contains the most bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids.

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Evaluation of phytochemical contents of Emilia coccinea leaves

Journal of Medicinal Botany ◽

10.25081/jmb.2017.v1.817 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Ajah Obinna ◽

Unegbu C Chika ◽

Anyanwu O Ogechi ◽

Amaralam Eric Chinedu

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

High Concentration ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Phytochemical Contents

Emilia coccinea is widely used in folkloric medicine for eye and ear ailments as well as for fever. This present study evaluated the preliminary and quantitative phytochemical properties of E. coccinea leaves using standard procedures. The results revealed the following bioactive compounds Flavonoids (0.90 ± 0.02), Alkaloids (0.94 ± 0.03), Tannins (10.36 ± 0.02), Saponins (2.34 ± 0.02), Oxalate (1.62 ± 0.01), Phenols (0.89 ± 0.02), Terpenoids (0.11 ± 0.01). The high concentration of tannin and moderate concentration of other phytochemical proved that E. coccinea can serve as a vital medicinal plant that could be used for pharmaceutical formulations.

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