Prevalence and Risk Factors for Transmission and Genotype of HCV in Iraqi Patients

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious public health problem in the world, and about 170 million patients are chronically infected with HCV. Worldwide; different epidemiologic patterns of HCV infection have been identified. AIM OF THE STUDY: By this study, we try to know the prevalence and risk factors for HCV transmission in Iraqi patients and genotype distribution of the disease. PATIENTS & METHODS: In a cross sectional study of 355898 persons, 232645 males & 123253 females; had been enrolled for the study in Baghdad teaching hospital, Iraqi blood bank, Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital, Al-Nu'man teaching  Hospital and Al-Basrah teaching hospital from February 2017 to February 2019. Positive patients for hepatitis C antibody were further studied for way of transmission and viral load and genotype. History had been taken about the possible risk factor for HCV transmission which included (15) risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 355898 persons, 232645 males & 123253 females their Mean age at diagnosis was 47.3 (± 15.6) years, Ranged (19–78) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the study sample was 22.9 (± 3) kg/m2, studied all screen for hepatitis C antibody 1155 discovered to be positive 650 were males and 505 were females, further study done for viral load in 746 patients and genotype in 633 patients: 356 (48%) with high viral load, 390 (52%)with low viral load and 345 (52.8%) with genotype V and 301 (46.2%) with genotype IV, while genotype II was 2 (0.3%) and III 7 (0.5%), The most common possible ways of transmission of the disease by history in this study was blood transfusion 53%, dental procedure 42%, hemodialysis 36%, caesarean section 34.5%, while injured male during shaving 33%, patient who have surgical operation 24%, Tattooing in 8%, cupping in 6.6%, IV injection in 4% heterosexual seen in 2%, renal transplant in 2%, and only 1% in needle stick injury. while the more frequent genotype is 1 then 4. Hemodialysis and improper use of IV medication had been found to be more significant in HCV male patients .The relation between possible risk factor for transmission of HCV and residence, viral load were not significant. CONCLUSION: The most common probable risk factors as single risk factor for the male was blood transfusion, and for female was caesarean section. While for two risk factors for male were Blood transfusion and Hemodialysis and for female were Caesarean section & Dental procedure and for both gender were hemodialysis & dental procedure. While for three risk factors for both gender were surgery, barbers, and dental procedure. In our study we had found the prevalence of HCV in our Iraqi big sample was relatively low. The most common genotype was genotype I then genotype IV with rarity of genotype III 0 and genotype II.

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Viral Hepatitis C (HCV) in Hemodialysis

Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies ◽

10.31579/2690-8808/009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 01-05

Author(s):

Seba Atmane

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Dual Therapy ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Virologic Response ◽

Chronic Hemodialysis ◽

Early Virologic Response ◽

Viral Hepatitis C ◽

Hcv Transmission

The aim of the study is to show the prevalence and risk factors of HCV at our hemodialysis (HD) center , in a study carried out on chronic hemodialysis patients during the year 2019, we identified eight cases out of 87 patients infected with HCV, or 9%. The average age in this population is 48 years, dialysed for an average of 15 years. Viral infection was discovered on average 12.5 years after the start of hemodialysis, during a routine screening examination. In this series, the genotype 1b was found in 2 cases (25%). Seven patients were treated out of the eight HCV hemodialysis patients, received dual therapy with sofosbuvir 400mg and daclar 60 mg for three months, with an early virologic response. A study done during a previous period, between 2015 and 2018, in the same center, looking at the risk factors for HCV transmission: 11 cases out of 134 hemodialysis patients infected with HCV. Among these cases, we noted the following factors; Blood transfusion: 3 cases (27.2%), surgery: 4 cases (45.4%), dental care: 2 cases (18%), no obvious cause: 2 cases (9%). Serologically ; HCV antibodies positive: 11/134, i.e. an 8.2% seroprevalence, PCR-viral RNA was positive in 10 out of 11 patients, i.e. a prevalence of 7.4% by PCR, number of copies: Above 1.03x 1, 000,000 (100%), number of Logs: Sup to 3.32 (100%), negative PCR: 01 patient.

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PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: TESTING ANTIBODIES, RNA AND GENOTYPES

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6749 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (25) ◽

Author(s):

Waqar Al-Kubaisy ◽

Nor Aini Mohd Noor ◽

Nik Shamsidah Nik Ibrahim ◽

Usama Al-Nasirie

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Seropositive Rate ◽

Hcv Transmission

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important global public health problem affecting approximately 180 million people. Multiple risk factors are associated with HCV transmission among haemodialysis (HD) patients leading to an increased risk for liver-related mortality. Patients undergoing HD may show a decreased humoral and cellular immunity, which lowers the sensitivity of the HCV antibodies (Abs) test resulting in false negative antibody test, thus requiring HCV RNA testing. Our study is to determine the prevalence of HCV markers (antibody RNA and genotype) and risk factors of HCV infection among patients in HD unit in Baghdad. A sample of 54 patients were interviewed. HCV Abs (anti-HCV) was tested using third generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA-3) and immunoblot assay (Lia-Tek III) as screening and confirmatory test respectively. Sera of 46 patients (irrespective to anti-HCV results) were subjected to molecular analysis, using the most developed RT-PCR and DNA Enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) method. Seropositive rate of anti-HCV and HCV-RNA were (66.6%) and (60.9%) respectively. Anti-HCV seropositive rate was significantly higher in males (77.1%), and history of blood transfusion (85%). Blood transfusion acts as a significant risk for acquiring HCV (OR 44.2, 95% CI 7.6-256.9). Genotype 4 was the most prevalent (33.3%), followed by genotype 1a (25.9%) and genotype 1b (22.2%). We concluded that, the prevalence of HCV among the haemodialysis patients is high. It is significantly related to gender, duration of dialysis and number of blood transfusion. Blood transfusion acts as a significant risk factor. Molecular test for detection for HCV RNA is necessary and proper nosocomial prevention program should be implemented to prevent HCV transmission.

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Influence of Tattoo Ink on Hepatitis C Virus Infectiousness

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrick Behrendt ◽

Janina Brüning ◽

Daniel Todt ◽

Eike Steinmann

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Drug Abuse ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Abuse ◽

Infected Blood ◽

Hcv Transmission

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus and is most frequently transmitted through large or repeated direct percutaneous exposures to infected blood. The 2 most common exposures associated with transmission of HCV are blood transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. The association between HCV transmission and other suspected risk factors such as tattooing is more controversial. Although HCV can survive for days to weeks in suspension or on inanimate surfaces, its stability in tattooing supplies remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the influence of tattoo ink on HCV infectiousness.

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Prevalence, Genotypic Distribution and the associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis C Infection in Pakistan Pediatric Patients

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.16.1.01 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Numan ◽

Mateen Jabbar ◽

Aizza Zafar ◽

Humera Javed ◽

Sonia Younas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Surgical Procedures ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Hcv Transmission ◽

History Of ◽

Genotype 3A

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important contributor to chronic morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The study’s objective was to determine the genotype distribution and risk factors associated with the transmission of HCV infections in pediatric patients. Rapid screening and confirmation by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to analyze 585 pediatric blood specimens hospitalized and visited the outpatient department of the largest tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Detection and genotyping of HCV RNA were performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Demographic data and a history of risk factors were gathered through a survey questionnaire. HCV RNA was detected in 323 (72.4%) cases which showed viral load ranging from Log10 IU/mL < 3 to > 6 IU/mL. HCV genotype 3a was detected in 256 (79.3%) cases while type 3b and 1a was observed in 36 (11.1%) and 31 (9.6%) patients, respectively. HCV positivity was significantly associated with the cases from rural areas [p = 0.005; odds ratio (OR) 1.65; 95% CI 1.16-2.23] and also significantly associated with low-income group [p < 0.001; OR 5.75; 95% CI 3.90-8.40]. The primary risk factors associated with HCV transmission in children were family history (p = 0.002), blood transfusion (p = 0.03), surgical procedures (p = 0.02), and history of injections (p = 0.05). HCV genotype 3a is the most common genotype in children. The main risk factors for HCV transmission in children are blood transfusion, surgical procedures, and injection practices by informal health care providers.

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Characteristics of Hepatitis B virus induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian patients

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab107.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Eman Mahmoud Fathy Barakat ◽

Khalid Mahmoud AbdAlaziz ◽

Mohamed Mahmoud Mahmoud El Tabbakh ◽

Mohamed Kamal Alden Ali

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

The United States ◽

Age Difference ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the United States, HCC is the ninth leading cause of cancer deaths. Despite advances in prevention techniques, screening, and new technologies in both diagnosis and treatment, incidence and mortality continue to rise. Cirrhosis remains the most important risk factor for the development of HCC regardless of etiology. Hepatitis B and C are independent risk factors for the development of cirrhosis. Alcohol consumption remains an important additional risk factor in the United States as alcohol abuse is five times higher than hepatitis C. Diagnosis is confirmed without pathologic confirmation. Screening includes both radiologic tests, such as ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, and serological markers such as αfetoprotein at 6-month interval. Aim To compare characteristics and behavior of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HCV patients and HVB patients Patients and Methods The current study was conducted on patients with de HCC presented at HCC clinic, Tropical medicine department Ain Shams University Hospitals between December 2017 and D ecember 2018, aged (18-70 years old) . Results eline characteristics of study population shown in Table 1 at enrolment, including gender, Education status, co-morbidity, underlying presence or absence of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh class of patients infected with viral hepatitis, and alpha-fetoprotein levels. Male proportion observed to be predominant in both HCV (62%) and HBV (75.4%) infected HCC population. Overall prevalence of HCV and HBV in patients having HCC was 65.95% and 34.04%, respectively. Presence of underlying liver cirrhosis was more significantly associated with HCV seropositives as compared to HBV seropositive patients (p0.05). Table 2 shows comparison of means between HCV and HBV seropositive patients with HCC. In univariate analysis, mean age difference (11.6 years), and total bilirubin levels (-1.91mg/dl) were the only statistically significant observations noted among HCV-HCC group (p = 0.05) Conclusion Hepatocellular carcinoma is mainly caused by Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B viruses, but latter showed predominance, comparatively worldwide and correlated HBV directly as a cause of HCC rather than HCV whose relation with HCC is still unclear (Shepard et al., 2006; Di Bisceglie, 2009). Because of the geographical differences and risk factors, the epidemiological burden of HCV and HBV has been observed different in different areas of the world. In developing countries due to high burden of HCV infection as compared to HBV such as in Taiwan (HCV 17.0%, HBV 13.8%) (Kao et al., 2011), Guam (HCV 19.6%, HBV 18%) (Haddock et al., 2013), and Pakistan (HCV 4.8%, HBV 2.5%) (Rehman et al., 1996; Raza et al., 2007; Qureshi et al., 2010; Butt et al., 2012;) will possibly

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Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. A case-control study of blood donors in the Trent Region (UK)

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800051293 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 112 (3) ◽

pp. 595-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

K. R. Neal ◽

D. A. Jones ◽

D. Killey ◽

V. James

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study

SUMMARYThe introduction of screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by the National Blood Transfusion Service identified donors who had acquired HCV infection. We undertook a case-control study amongst blood donors in the Trent Region to determine risks for HCV infection. A total of 74 blood donors confirmed positive for hepatitis C infection and 150 age, sex and donor venue matched controls were included in the study. Fifty-three percent of hepatitis C infected blood donors reported previous use of injected drugs compared to no controls; relative risk (RR) not estimatable (lower limit 95% CI = 20). Other risk factors were a history of: receipt of a blood transfusion or blood products RR = 3·6 (95% CI 1·5–8·3), having been a ‘health care worker’ RR = 2·8 (95% CI 1·1–7·6), tattooing RR = 3·3 (95% CI 1·2–8·7), and an association with having been born abroad RR = 3·2 (95% CI 1·1–9·5). No risk was shown for a history of multiple sexual partners, ear piercing or acupuncture. Injecting drug use explains more than 50% of hepatitis C infections in blood donors, a group who are less likely to have injected drugs than the general population.

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Risk factors for hepatitis C disease in Tando Allahyar, Pakistan: a case-control study

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3329/bjms.v10i3.8359 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 163-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

NA Channa ◽

H Khan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Family History ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Life Style ◽

Psychological Problems ◽

Multiple Pregnancies ◽

Key Words Hepatitis C ◽

Sedentary Life ◽

Sedentary Life Style

Objective: Present study was undertaken to explore the epidemiological and dietary risk factors for hepatitis C disease in Tando Allahyar during June to December 2007. Materials and methods: 140 Hepatitis C patients and 149 controls (age, sex and locality matched with no personal or family history of hepatitis C) were randomly selected from the Tando Allahyar population during June 2007 to December 2007. A standard questionnaire specially developed for that purpose, was distributed among patients and controls. Accurate rapid card test was performed to confirm Hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive or negative patients and controls. O.R with 95% confidence interval was computed and p values were calculated by chi square test. Results: Over all findings showed that among 140 HCV patients 64% were females and 36% males (mean age range was 20-48 years). Our results showed strong positive association of sedentary life style (OR=4, 95% CI, 1.48-10.6, p=0.005), marital status, +ve family history, B+ve blood group, piercing, syringe use (70%), multiple pregnancies (OR=4.72, 95% CI, 1.47-15.15, p=0.008), blood transfusion (OR=4.4, 95% CI, 1.2-14.95, p=0.017), take out food debris by office pins (NS), shave at barber’s shop (NS), dental procedures (NS), medicines used in past (OR=3.08, 95% CI, 1.2-7.71, P=0.016), G.I.T diseases (OR =8.66, 95% CI, 1.28-55.58, p=0.023), stones of kidney or gallbladder, jaundice, Tuberculosis and psychological problems (OR =2.5, 95% CI, 1.04-6.13, P=0.04) with hepatitis C disease. We did not find any association of surgery, BMI, ENT, diseases, meat consumption and smoking with the disease. Vegetables OR =0.842, 95% CI, 0.361-1.964, P=0.694), pulses, tomatoes (OR =0.31, 95% CI, 0.041-2.53, P=0.31), and tea (OR =0.598, 95% CI, 0.251-1.431, P=0.25) were found to be the protective factors for Hepatitis C disease. Conclusion: Sedentary life style, multiple pregnancies, blood transfusion, medicines used in past, G.I.T diseases, and psychological problems are significantly positively associated with Hepatitis C disease. Key words: Hepatitis C disease, HCV infection, epidemiological risk factors, Diet, blood transfusion, G.I.T diseases, and psychological problems. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bjms.v10i3.8359 BJMS 2011; 10(3): 163-169

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Persisting role of healthcare settings in hepatitis C transmission in Pakistan: cause for concern

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002312 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 141 (9) ◽

pp. 1831-1839 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. VER HOEVE ◽

A. J. CODLIN ◽

F. JAWED ◽

A. J. KHAN ◽

L. SAMAD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Sindh Province ◽

Hcv Transmission ◽

Current Risk ◽

Dental Work

SUMMARYTransmission of hepatitis C (HCV) in Pakistan is a continuing public health problem; 15 years ago it was linked to the practice of reusing therapeutic instruments in healthcare settings. We sought to examine current risk factors for HCV transmission in a hospital population in Karachi, Pakistan. We enrolled 300 laboratory-confirmed HCV-positive participants and 300 laboratory-confirmed HCV-negative participants from clinics at Indus Hospital. Independent and significant risk factors for both men and women were: receiving ⩾12 injections in the past year, blood transfusions, having had dental work performed, and delivery in hospital or transfusion for women. Interestingly, being of Mohajir origin or born in Sindh province were protective. Encouragingly, a strong protective effect was observed for those that reported bringing their own needle for injections (59%). The widespread reuse of therapeutic needles in healthcare settings in Karachi remains a major driver of the HCV epidemic.

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Serological, epidemiological and molecular aspects of hepatitis C virus infection in a population from Londrina, PR, Brazil, 2001-2002

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652004000600002 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 303-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ingridt Hildegard Vogler ◽

Anna Nishiya ◽

Helena Kaminami Morimoto ◽

Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche ◽

André Luiz Bortoliero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Molecular Aspects

Serological, epidemiological and molecular aspects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were evaluated in 183 subjects from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, and adjacent areas. Serum samples which tested anti-HCV positive by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) obtained from eight patients with chronic hepatitis C, 48 blood donors, and 127 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were submitted to another enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). About 78.7% of samples were also reactive by ELISA, with the greater proportion (70.8%) of discordant results verified among blood donors. A similar finding was observed for HCV-RNA detection by PCR, with 111/165 (67.3%) positive samples, with higher rates among HIV-positive subjects and patients with chronic hepatitis than among blood donors. Sixty-one PCR-positive samples were submitted to HCV genotyping, with 77.1, 21.3 and 1.6% of the samples identified as types 1, 3 and 2, respectively. Finally, analysis of some risk factors associated with HCV infection showed that intravenous drug use was the most common risk factor among HIV/HCV co-infected patients, while blood transfusion was the most important risk factor in the group without HIV infection. The present study contributed to the knowledge regarding risk factors associated with HCV infection and the distribution of HCV genotypes in the population evaluated.

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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.01.2595 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Farrukh Bhatti ◽

Muhammad Abu Bakar Afzal ◽

Ansar Latif ◽

Zeeshan Hassan ◽

Sharoon Shahzad

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Family History ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Medical Advice ◽

St Segment Elevation ◽

St Segment ◽

Males And Females

Objectives: The study was carried out to asserting the prevalence and comparative analysis of risk factor that are known to be associated with ST-segment elevation MI on the basis of genderin Emergency unit of cardiology department of Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. Study Design: Retrospective, observational study. Place and duration of Study: Department of Cardiology; Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. From 1st March 2017 till 28 Feb 2018. Patients and Methods: All patients presented in cardic emergency during specified time period at Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital with new onset of ST segment elevation MI, having established risk factors (DM, Smoking, Family History of IHD, Obesity, Dyslipidemia) having completed follow up of 2 months were included in study. Patients were assigned in two group according to their respective gender for finding out prevalence of risk factors among them. Group-I included males while Group-II included females.Patients who didn’t completed followup, not willing to participate in study, who leave against medical advice, had CCF, CRF, CLD, LBBB, Coagulation abnormalities, stroke, any condition mimicking ST segment elevation other than STEMI were excluded from study. The data collected for variables was analyzed using SPSS v 22. Results: Three hundred and fifty (350) patients presented in cardic emergency were subjected to the study. Out of 350, 20 patients didn’t complete the follow-up of 2 months. Ten patients didn’t give consent to be included in the study while 15 patients were excluded in accordance with the exclusion criteria and 5 patients were left against medical advice. Out of 300 patients studied 233 of patients (77.7%) were males and 67(22.3%) of patients were female, with male to female ratio of 3.5:1.0. Among age group variation patients in range of 41-50 years constitute 40.3% (121 patients) of cases. Smoking as a risk factor constitute 70.4%(164 pt.) and Diabetes mellitus 62.3% (43pt.) among males and females respectively. Anterior wall MI reports to be 62.20%(145 pt.) and 82.10%(55 pt.) among males and females followed by other types of STEMI. Conclusion: Smoking is identified as an independent risk factor that can lead to STEMI in young males while Diabetes Mellitus and hypertension identified as a risk factor for progression to STEMI in females. Among non-modifiable factors male sex, old adults and family history identified as factors that can lead to STEMI.

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