Prevalence, Genotypic Distribution and the associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis C Infection in Pakistan Pediatric Patients

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important contributor to chronic morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The study’s objective was to determine the genotype distribution and risk factors associated with the transmission of HCV infections in pediatric patients. Rapid screening and confirmation by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to analyze 585 pediatric blood specimens hospitalized and visited the outpatient department of the largest tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Detection and genotyping of HCV RNA were performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Demographic data and a history of risk factors were gathered through a survey questionnaire. HCV RNA was detected in 323 (72.4%) cases which showed viral load ranging from Log10 IU/mL < 3 to > 6 IU/mL. HCV genotype 3a was detected in 256 (79.3%) cases while type 3b and 1a was observed in 36 (11.1%) and 31 (9.6%) patients, respectively. HCV positivity was significantly associated with the cases from rural areas [p = 0.005; odds ratio (OR) 1.65; 95% CI 1.16-2.23] and also significantly associated with low-income group [p < 0.001; OR 5.75; 95% CI 3.90-8.40]. The primary risk factors associated with HCV transmission in children were family history (p = 0.002), blood transfusion (p = 0.03), surgical procedures (p = 0.02), and history of injections (p = 0.05). HCV genotype 3a is the most common genotype in children. The main risk factors for HCV transmission in children are blood transfusion, surgical procedures, and injection practices by informal health care providers.

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PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: TESTING ANTIBODIES, RNA AND GENOTYPES

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6749 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (25) ◽

Author(s):

Waqar Al-Kubaisy ◽

Nor Aini Mohd Noor ◽

Nik Shamsidah Nik Ibrahim ◽

Usama Al-Nasirie

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Seropositive Rate ◽

Hcv Transmission

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important global public health problem affecting approximately 180 million people. Multiple risk factors are associated with HCV transmission among haemodialysis (HD) patients leading to an increased risk for liver-related mortality. Patients undergoing HD may show a decreased humoral and cellular immunity, which lowers the sensitivity of the HCV antibodies (Abs) test resulting in false negative antibody test, thus requiring HCV RNA testing. Our study is to determine the prevalence of HCV markers (antibody RNA and genotype) and risk factors of HCV infection among patients in HD unit in Baghdad. A sample of 54 patients were interviewed. HCV Abs (anti-HCV) was tested using third generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA-3) and immunoblot assay (Lia-Tek III) as screening and confirmatory test respectively. Sera of 46 patients (irrespective to anti-HCV results) were subjected to molecular analysis, using the most developed RT-PCR and DNA Enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) method. Seropositive rate of anti-HCV and HCV-RNA were (66.6%) and (60.9%) respectively. Anti-HCV seropositive rate was significantly higher in males (77.1%), and history of blood transfusion (85%). Blood transfusion acts as a significant risk for acquiring HCV (OR 44.2, 95% CI 7.6-256.9). Genotype 4 was the most prevalent (33.3%), followed by genotype 1a (25.9%) and genotype 1b (22.2%). We concluded that, the prevalence of HCV among the haemodialysis patients is high. It is significantly related to gender, duration of dialysis and number of blood transfusion. Blood transfusion acts as a significant risk factor. Molecular test for detection for HCV RNA is necessary and proper nosocomial prevention program should be implemented to prevent HCV transmission.

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Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. A case-control study of blood donors in the Trent Region (UK)

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800051293 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 112 (3) ◽

pp. 595-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

K. R. Neal ◽

D. A. Jones ◽

D. Killey ◽

V. James

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study

SUMMARYThe introduction of screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by the National Blood Transfusion Service identified donors who had acquired HCV infection. We undertook a case-control study amongst blood donors in the Trent Region to determine risks for HCV infection. A total of 74 blood donors confirmed positive for hepatitis C infection and 150 age, sex and donor venue matched controls were included in the study. Fifty-three percent of hepatitis C infected blood donors reported previous use of injected drugs compared to no controls; relative risk (RR) not estimatable (lower limit 95% CI = 20). Other risk factors were a history of: receipt of a blood transfusion or blood products RR = 3·6 (95% CI 1·5–8·3), having been a ‘health care worker’ RR = 2·8 (95% CI 1·1–7·6), tattooing RR = 3·3 (95% CI 1·2–8·7), and an association with having been born abroad RR = 3·2 (95% CI 1·1–9·5). No risk was shown for a history of multiple sexual partners, ear piercing or acupuncture. Injecting drug use explains more than 50% of hepatitis C infections in blood donors, a group who are less likely to have injected drugs than the general population.

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Prevalence of hepatitis C among haemodialysis patients in a tertiary care hospital in South India

Iranian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.18502/ijm.v12i6.5041 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anitha Madhavan ◽

Arun Sachu ◽

Anu Kumar Balakrishnan ◽

Anu Vasudevan ◽

Sobha Balakrishnan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Previous History ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Care Hospital ◽

History Of ◽

Hcv Antibody

Background and Objectives: Hepatitis C is the most common hepatotropic viral infection that affects patients on mainte- nance hemodialysis. Most of the laboratories in India depend on HCV antibody detection by ELISA. PCR based studies on detection of HCV RNA among haemodialysis patients are very scanty in India. The current study was undertaken to find the prevalence of HCV among haemodialysis patients by ELISA and PCR. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted from January to May 2018 in a total of 100 samples. Patients more than 18 years of age, who had undergone at least 15 sessions of dialysis were enrolled in the study. All samples were screened for HCV antibody by ELISA and HCV RNA by PCR. Data regarding age and gender of the patients, history of blood transfusion, duration of hemodialysis, total bilirubin levels were collected from medical records. Results: Among the 100 samples, only one was positive for HCV antibody by ELISA. Eight samples were positive for HCV RNA by PCR. In this study 62.5% of the HCV positives had a previous history of blood transfusion. Duration of dialysis was more among the HCV positive group but there was no statistical significance. Conclusion: This is the first study from the southern state of Kerala in India showing the prevalence of HCV among hemo- dialysis patients by PCR. Our study showed an overall HCV prevalence of 8% by PCR. All the PCR positive samples were negative by 3rd generation ELISA which is an alarming finding and further justifies the need for PCR for detecting HCV.

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Viral Hepatitis C (HCV) in Hemodialysis

Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies ◽

10.31579/2690-8808/009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 01-05

Author(s):

Seba Atmane

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Dual Therapy ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Virologic Response ◽

Chronic Hemodialysis ◽

Early Virologic Response ◽

Viral Hepatitis C ◽

Hcv Transmission

The aim of the study is to show the prevalence and risk factors of HCV at our hemodialysis (HD) center , in a study carried out on chronic hemodialysis patients during the year 2019, we identified eight cases out of 87 patients infected with HCV, or 9%. The average age in this population is 48 years, dialysed for an average of 15 years. Viral infection was discovered on average 12.5 years after the start of hemodialysis, during a routine screening examination. In this series, the genotype 1b was found in 2 cases (25%). Seven patients were treated out of the eight HCV hemodialysis patients, received dual therapy with sofosbuvir 400mg and daclar 60 mg for three months, with an early virologic response. A study done during a previous period, between 2015 and 2018, in the same center, looking at the risk factors for HCV transmission: 11 cases out of 134 hemodialysis patients infected with HCV. Among these cases, we noted the following factors; Blood transfusion: 3 cases (27.2%), surgery: 4 cases (45.4%), dental care: 2 cases (18%), no obvious cause: 2 cases (9%). Serologically ; HCV antibodies positive: 11/134, i.e. an 8.2% seroprevalence, PCR-viral RNA was positive in 10 out of 11 patients, i.e. a prevalence of 7.4% by PCR, number of copies: Above 1.03x 1, 000,000 (100%), number of Logs: Sup to 3.32 (100%), negative PCR: 01 patient.

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RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.05.1197 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (05) ◽

pp. 661-666

Author(s):

MUHAMMAD ASHRAF CHAUDHRY ◽

BUSHRA GHULAM ◽

LAILA KHALID ◽

Marryam Shaheen Ahmed ◽

Amnah -

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Surgical Procedures ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Large Reservoir ◽

Different Types ◽

History Of

Background: Infections with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are worldwide public health problem. Thisis related to the continued occurrence of new infections and the presence of a large reservoir of chronically infected persons. Objective:To determine the frequency of risk factors (causes of transmission) for HBV and HCV infections in hospitalized patients of CMH, Lahoreand Sheikh Zayed hospital, Lahore. Design: Descriptive (cross sectional). Setting: The study was carried out in CMH, Lahore and SheikhZayed hospital, Lahore from January, 2012 to July, 2012. Methods: The patients were selected by consecutive (non-probability)sampling technique. The data was collected through questionnaire. Informed written consent was obtained SPSS version 16.0 was usedto calculate the descriptive statistics. Results: Out of total of 100 subjects, 50 were cases and 50 were controls. Out of 50 cases, 26%were HBV positive and 74% were HCV positive with female preponderance. The history of injections was very high in both the groups,making a total of 64% (14% HBV; 16% HCV) the important contributors for different types of hepatitis were blood transfusion (HBV =10%; HCV = 28%; controls = 14%). Surgical procedures (4% HBV, 28% HCV; 8% controls). History of piercing in the last six months(HBV = 6%; HCV = 22% and control = 8%). History of dental procedures in the last six months was higher in HCV patients (18% HCV and4% HBV). History of HBV or HCV positive patients or relatives at home. (HBV 18%; HCV 36%; control 30%). Conclusions: In Pakistan thereis an urgent need to raise the public awareness about importance of properly screened blood transfusion, use of disposable needles andusing new blades for shaving and haircuts especially at barber shops. In our study, the important contributors for different types ofhepatitis were blood transfusion, surgical procedures and history piercing in the last 6months.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFICACY BETWEEN THIRD GENERATION ELISA AND FOURTH GENERATION TRI-DOT TEST TO DETECT SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS-C INFECTION IN PATIENTS ON HAEMODIALYSIS

SRMS Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.21761/jms.v1i2.7123 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rati Saxena ◽

Rahul Goyal ◽

R. N. Behara

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Protein A ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Hepatitis C Infection ◽

Factors Associated

INTRODUCTION: Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) that detects antibodies directed against various HCV epitopes. HCV TRI-DOT test is a rapid, protein A immunofiltration assay for the qualitative detection of anti HCV antibodies in serum or plasma with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91.5%. The study was conducted to compare the efficacy between 3rd generation ELISA and 4th generation TRI-DOT test to detect the seroprevalence of HCV and to assess the risk factors associated with HCV infection in the patients who are on haemodialysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted to compare the efficacy between 3rd generation ELISA and 4th generation TRI-DOT test to detect the seroprevalence of HCV and to assess the risk factors associated with HCV infection in the patients who are on haemodialysis. Sera of 150 adult CRF patients on >2 months haemodialysis tested by TRIDOT test and then by ELISA. Demographic data of all included patients reviewed for risk factors. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS program for Windows, version 17.0. RESULTS: Out of 150 cases, 17 were found seropositive for HCV by TRI-DOT test and 16 were found seropositive for HCV by ELISA. One hundred and one patients were males and 49 were females. Maximum positive patients fell in 36-55 years age group. Duration of haemodialysis, mean blood transfusion, number of dialysis centre changed found almost double in HCV reactive patients than in non reactive. Sensitivity of HCV TRI-DOT is 100% and specificity is 99.3%, positive predictive value is 94.1% and negative predictive value is 100% in comparison of ELISA. CONCLUSION: Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C in haemodialysis patients in our institute is 10.7%. Risk factors for HCV infection in haemodialysis patients included duration of haemodialysis, number of haemodialysis centre changed, number of blood transfusion unit transfused, male gender and middle age. The sensitivity of HCV TRI-DOT is equal to HCV ELISA but the specificity is slightly less.

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Prevalence of Hepatitis ‘B’ and ‘C’ in Orthopaedics Patients Admitted In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Hospitals

10.53350/pjmhs211551208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 1208-1210

Author(s):

A. Khan ◽

M. S. Zardad ◽

Abdussaboor awan ◽

M. Tahir ◽

M. A. E. Bhattani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Previous History ◽

Prior History ◽

History Of Surgery ◽

History Of ◽

Orthopedic Patients

Background and Aim: Hepatitis B and C are widespread global health issues that are rapidly spreading in developing countries due to ineffective preventive measures.Undiagnosed hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viral infections in hospitalized patients and outdoor attendees must be addressed in order to obtain a more accurate picture of HBV and HCV prevalence.The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV in patients admitted to the orthopedic department. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of 1080 patients admitted to the department of orthopedics at Ayub Medical Teaching Institute Abbottabad and Orthopaedics department of DHQ Hospital Thimergara Dir lower for duration of six months fromSeptember 2019 to February 2020.The study included patients of both sex and all ages who were undergoing surgery. Venous blood was drawn from 1080 people and tested for infection using ELISA.All patients were screened for Hepatitis B and C, and positive patients were confirmed using the Elisa method. Results:Out of 1080 patients, 756 (70%) were male and 324 (30%) were female. Hepatitis B and C were found in 86 (8%) of the patients. Out of 86 infected patients, 49 (4.53 %t) had hepatitis C and 37 (3.42 %) had hepatitis B. The prevalence of both hepatitis B and C infections were 4 (0.37 %) of the patients. Of the 49 hepatitis C patients, 32 (65.3%) were male and 17 (34.7%) were female. Thirty-one (83.8 %) of the 37 hepatitis B patients were male, while six (16.21 %) were female.The prevalence of risk factors were history of blood transfusion 14 (16.27 %) patients, Previous history of surgery 17 (19.8 %), dental procedure 6 (7.00 %), and abroad visit in 5 (5.81 %) patients. Conclusion:Hepatitis B and C are common in orthopedic patients, with the following risk factors: prior history of surgery or blood transfusion. To prevent the transmission of HBV and HCV to others, a routinely screened procedure should be followed on a regular basis. Keywords:Prevalence, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Orthopedic patients.

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HEPATITIS 'B' AND 'C'

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.01.1861 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 18 (01) ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

MUHAMMAD ZAFAR IQBAL ◽

MUHAMMAD AZEEM ◽

MUHAMMAD RAZZAQ MALIK

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Previous History ◽

Medical College Hospital ◽

History Of Surgery ◽

College Hospital ◽

Medical College ◽

History Of

Background: Hepatitis B and C is a global problem. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C in orthopedic patients is quite high with the common risk factors: previous history of surgery or blood transfusion. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to, "Find out the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C and their risk factors in patients admitted in Orthopedic Unit of Sheikh Zayed Medical College Hospital Rahim Yar Khan.”. Design & Duration: This was a prospective cohort study. The duration was from July 2009 to December 2009. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in Orthopedic Department of Sheikh Zayed Medical College Hospital Rahim Yar Khan. Patients of either sex and of all ages who were undergoing orthopedic surgery were included in the study. All patients underwent screening for Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis-C and confirmed by Elisa method in positive patients. Data regarding age, sex, HBV, HCV was noted and analyzed by SPSS version 14. Results: Among 745 patients. 581 (77.98%) were male and 164 (22.02%) were female. Hepatitis B and C was present in 165 (22.15) patients. Out of these positive cases 125 (75.76%) were suffering from hepatitis C and 36 (21.81%) were suffering from hepatitis B, and 4 (2.43%) patients were positive for both HBV & HCV. Among the predisposing factors previous history of surgery was positive in 39 patients; history of blood transfusion in 27 patients, dental procedure was in 17 patients’ and 123 patients having injection therapy in the past. Conclusions: All the patients who need surgery should be properly screened for HBV and HCV. It is also necessary that separate operation theaters and instruments should be used for HBV and HCV positive cases.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Single-Centre Study in Somalia

International Journal of Nephrology ◽

10.1155/2021/1555775 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Mohamed Osman Omar Jeele ◽

Rukia Omar Barei Addow ◽

Faduma Nur Adan ◽

Liban Hassan Jimale

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

B Virus ◽

Single Centre Study ◽

History Of ◽

The Mean

Introduction. Hemodialysis patients have the highest risk for developing hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) than the general population. There is no study available for HBV and HCV in this population in Somalia. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HBV and HCV infections among hemodialysis patients in Somalia. Methods. A cross-sectional assessment of hemodialysis patients from January 2021 to June 2021 was used in this study. 220 patients were included in this study. Age, sex, duration of hemodialysis, number of hemodialysis sessions per week, history of blood transfusion, HbsAg, and anti-HCV antibodies were examined. Results. Out of the 220 patients, males were predominant (113 (51.4%)). The mean age of the participants was 52.70. The prevalence of HBV was 7.3% (16 respondents), while the prevalence of HCV was 3.2% (7 respondents). 1 respondent (0.5%) had both HBV and HCV. There is a positive correlation between the duration of hemodialysis and the prevalence of HBV and HCV (r(218) = 0.298, p value <0.001), blood transfusion and prevalence of HBV and HCV (r(218) = 0.347, p value <0.001), and the number of hemodialysis sessions per week and prevalence of HBV and HCV (r(218) = 0.402, p value <0.001). The regression model of the combined predictors of history of blood transfusion, duration of hemodialysis, and number of dialysis sessions per week is R2 = 0.25, which indicates a 25% variance in the prevalence of HBV and HCV with a significance of F (3,216) = 23.67, p < 0 .001 . Conclusions. The prevalence of HBV and HCV among hemodialysis patients in this study was 7.3% and 3.2%, respectively. 0.5% of the respondents had both HBV and HCV. History of blood transfusion, duration of hemodialysis, and number of hemodialysis sessions per week appear to have a strong correlation with the prevalence of HBV and HCV.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Transmission and Genotype of HCV in Iraqi Patients

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v11n12p185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 185

Author(s):

Khalid Abdulla Al-Khazraji ◽

Wissam Khudhair Abbas ◽

Safiya Khalid Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Viral Load ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Caesarean Section ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Dental Procedure ◽

Hcv Transmission ◽

Genotype Ii

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious public health problem in the world, and about 170 million patients are chronically infected with HCV. Worldwide; different epidemiologic patterns of HCV infection have been identified. AIM OF THE STUDY: By this study, we try to know the prevalence and risk factors for HCV transmission in Iraqi patients and genotype distribution of the disease. PATIENTS & METHODS: In a cross sectional study of 355898 persons, 232645 males & 123253 females; had been enrolled for the study in Baghdad teaching hospital, Iraqi blood bank, Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital, Al-Nu'man teaching  Hospital and Al-Basrah teaching hospital from February 2017 to February 2019. Positive patients for hepatitis C antibody were further studied for way of transmission and viral load and genotype. History had been taken about the possible risk factor for HCV transmission which included (15) risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 355898 persons, 232645 males & 123253 females their Mean age at diagnosis was 47.3 (± 15.6) years, Ranged (19–78) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the study sample was 22.9 (± 3) kg/m2, studied all screen for hepatitis C antibody 1155 discovered to be positive 650 were males and 505 were females, further study done for viral load in 746 patients and genotype in 633 patients: 356 (48%) with high viral load, 390 (52%)with low viral load and 345 (52.8%) with genotype V and 301 (46.2%) with genotype IV, while genotype II was 2 (0.3%) and III 7 (0.5%), The most common possible ways of transmission of the disease by history in this study was blood transfusion 53%, dental procedure 42%, hemodialysis 36%, caesarean section 34.5%, while injured male during shaving 33%, patient who have surgical operation 24%, Tattooing in 8%, cupping in 6.6%, IV injection in 4% heterosexual seen in 2%, renal transplant in 2%, and only 1% in needle stick injury. while the more frequent genotype is 1 then 4. Hemodialysis and improper use of IV medication had been found to be more significant in HCV male patients .The relation between possible risk factor for transmission of HCV and residence, viral load were not significant. CONCLUSION: The most common probable risk factors as single risk factor for the male was blood transfusion, and for female was caesarean section. While for two risk factors for male were Blood transfusion and Hemodialysis and for female were Caesarean section & Dental procedure and for both gender were hemodialysis & dental procedure. While for three risk factors for both gender were surgery, barbers, and dental procedure. In our study we had found the prevalence of HCV in our Iraqi big sample was relatively low. The most common genotype was genotype I then genotype IV with rarity of genotype III 0 and genotype II.

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