The Relationship between External and Internal Risk Factors with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children Aged 0-59 Months in Slums in Indonesia, 2013

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (Tb) remains a health problem throughout the world. World Health Organization (WHO) has set it as a “Global Emergency” disease. The difficulty of confirming the diagnosis of it in children, different from it in adults, causes the treatment of it in children often neglected. This problem is exacerbated by the supporting environmental conditions, namely living in slums, which makes the risk of transmission even higher. OBJECTIVE: To identify internal and external factors related to Tb in children aged 0-59 months living in slums in Indonesia. MATERIAL & METHOD: The data source used was the 2013 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) using a sample of children less than five years old who lived in slums in 34 provinces in Indonesia. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis found three risk factors, namely BCG immunization status (age-based), at-risk home environment, and gender (residential area-based). Vaccinated children under one year of age have the best probability of not suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. Those who live in a house inhabited by less than five people, or in that occupied by more than four with no one of which smokes or does not suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis has a probability of not being exposed to it. Likewise, women who live in rural areas have almost two times less probability of suffering from it, compared to men in urban areas. CONCLUSION: Factors contributing to the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants in slums are the status of BCG immunization, air cleanliness in the neighborhood, which can be seen from the differences of risks in rural and urban, and the number of inhabitants per house and their behavior.

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The Quality of Life of Coronavirus Disease Survivors Living in Rural and Urban Area of Riau Province, Indonesia

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.3390/idr14010005 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 33-42

Author(s):

Suyanto Suyanto ◽

Shashi Kandel ◽

Rahmat Azhari Kemal ◽

Arfianti Arfianti

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Status ◽

Rural And Urban Area

This study assesses the status of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among coronavirus survivors living in rural and urban districts in Riau province, Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 468 and 285 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) survivors living in rural and urban areas, respectively in August 2021. The St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to measure the HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors. A higher total score domain corresponds to worse quality of life status. Quantile regression with the respect to 50th percentile found a significant association for the factors living in rural areas, being female, having comorbidities, and being hospitalized during treatment, with total score of 4.77, 2.43, 7.22, and 21.27 higher than in their contra parts, respectively. Moreover, having received full vaccination had the score 3.96 in total score. The HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors living in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas. Factors such as living in rural areas, female sex, having comorbidities, and history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection were identified as significant predictors for lower quality of life. Meanwhile, having full vaccination is a significant predictor for a better quality of life. The results of this study can provide the targeted recommendations for improvement of HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors.

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Rural Area Emotional Disturbance Service Delivery: Problems and Future Directions

Behavioral Disorders ◽

10.1177/019874298300800202 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119

Author(s):

Paul L. Beare ◽

Evelyn C. Lynch

Keyword(s):

Service Delivery ◽

Emotional Disturbance ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Directors Of Special Education ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Problems And Solutions ◽

The Status ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This study investigated the status of Emotional Disturbance (ED) service delivery in rural and urban areas of three midwestern states. Information was gathered from directors of special education. Urban and rural areas were compared on level and types of services, and training and license of the involved teachers. Additional data were collected concerning the directors' perception of service delivery problems and solutions. Generally, rural areas were found to have more severe problems than urban areas in service delivery. Suggestions were offered to help alleviate delivery problems.

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Self-supply as an alternative approach to water access in rural scattered regions: evidence from a rural microcatchment in Colombia

Ingenieria y Universidad ◽

10.11144/javeriana.iyu20-1.ssaa ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wilmar Torres-López ◽

Inés Restrepo-Tarquino ◽

Charlotte Patterson ◽

John Gowing ◽

Isabel Dominguez Rivera

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Water Sources ◽

External Support ◽

World Health ◽

Unfinished Business ◽

Development Agenda ◽

Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽

Health Organization

<p>Globally, access to improved water sources is lower in rural areas compared to urban areas. Furthermore, in rural areas many people use water from individual systems they have developed with their investments, often without external support. This phenomenon has been called Self-supply. Self-supply ranges from simple to complex systems and different water sources. Water quality varies, from achieving World Health Organization (WHO) standards (0 CFU/100 ml) to systems that provide water posing high risks to human health. While most studies in Self-supply have been developed in Africa, little is known in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This research explores Self-supply in a rural microcatchment in Colombia (LAC). Data was collected through household and drinking water surveys and analysed. Results showed that 40% of households used Self-supply systems taking water from springs and brooks. Thermotolerant Coliforms were below 50 CFU/100 ml, both in dry and rainy season, and between 5 to 7% of samples achieved the WHO standard. These results suggest that Self-supply has potential to offer safe drinking water, provided improvements on source protection and institutional support. Therefore, Self-supply could contribute to address “unfinished business”, including ensuring access for the hardest-to-reach people, as stated in the post-2015 development agenda.</p>

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Economic Impact Of Covid-19 And Change In Value System

International Journal on Integrated Education ◽

10.31149/ijie.v3i8.530 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

pp. 23-31

Author(s):

Bilal Ahmad Khan

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Urban Areas ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Value System ◽

Supply Chain Networks ◽

Mass Gatherings ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Health Organization

Mankind has observed various pandemics throughout history where some of were more disastrous than the others to the humans. We are observing a very tough time once again fighting an invisible enemy; the novel COVID-19 coronavirus. Initially identified in the Wuhan province of China, and then rapidly spread across the world. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has created a shock, putting all global population under lockdown. The worldwide spread of the pandemic resulted in unfathomable economic fallouts; zero economic activity, disruption of supply chain networks, falling global demands. The COVID-19 global crisis continues to disrupt social chains. Although there is no vaccine available and in order to prevent and avoid COVID-19, World Health Organization recommended avoiding large events and mass gatherings. The effects of COVID-19 on education, businesses, laborers’ and families have been adverse. The main objective of the study is to assess the disruptions caused by Covid-19 on supply chain both in rural and urban areas and further analyze the effect of Covid-19 on inter and intra district mobility movement of labour and consequent human psychology and value system.

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New Health Care Reform and Impoverishment among Chronic Households in China: A Random-Intercept Approach

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16061074 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 1074

Author(s):

Yongjian Xu ◽

Anupam Garrib ◽

Zhongliang Zhou ◽

Duolao Wang ◽

Jianmin Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Reform ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

World Health ◽

Before And After ◽

Using Data ◽

Health Organization

High out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for chronic disease care often contribute directly to household poverty. Although previous studies have explored the determinants of impoverishment in China, few published studies have compared levels of impoverishment before and after the New Health Care Reform (NHCR) in households with members with chronic diseases (hereafter referred to as chronic households). Our study explored this using data from the fourth and fifth National Health Service Surveys conducted in Shaanxi Province. In total, 1938 households in 2008 and 7700 households in 2013 were included in the analysis. Rates of impoverishment were measured using a method proposed by the World Health Organization. Multilevel logistic modeling was used to explore the influence of the NHCR on household impoverishment. Our study found that the influence of NHCR on impoverishment varied by residential location. After the reform, in rural areas, there was a significant decline in impoverishment, although the impoverishment rate remained high. There was little change in urban areas. In addition, impoverishment in the poorest households did not decline after the NHCR. Our findings are important for policy makers in particular for evaluating reform effectiveness, informing directions for health policy improvement, and highlighting achievements in the efforts to alleviate the economic burden of households that have members with chronic diseases.

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Breastfeeding and diversification attitudes among Romanian mothers

Acta Marisiensis - Seria Medica ◽

10.2478/amma-2021-0029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 167-169

Author(s):

Anastasia Simion ◽

Maria Simion ◽

Geanina Moldovan

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

World Health ◽

Statistical Software ◽

Accessible Information ◽

Children Health ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Breastfeeding Attitudes

Abstract Introduction: Recommended by the World Health Organization as the optimal way of infant feeding, maternal breast milk represents the best nourishment for the newborn baby during its first six months. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some of the Romanian mothers’ characteristics that can influence their attitude towards breastfeeding and food diversification. Methods: A questionnaire about 32 questions, including demographics items and breastfeeding attitudes, was sent online (socializing platforms) in 2020 to mothers from all Romania districts. Our sample included at the end 1768 subjects, who fully completed the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using the GraphPad statistical software. Results: The prevalence of breastfeeding for more than six months was only 32.18% in our group, and most of them were educated mothers who lives in urban areas (OR=2.76), were married (OR=1.98), had over 30 years old (OR=1.43) and have more than one child (OR=1.74). Conclusions: We underline the importance of tackling in our future community interventions some of the socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women (like groups education, good and accessible information about breastfeeding, young age, first pregnancy, or mothers from rural areas as well) in developing good habits of breastfeeding or complementary feeding, in order to improve their children health status and proper development.

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Structural biology in the time of COVID-19: perspectives on methods and milestones

IUCrJ ◽

10.1107/s2052252521003948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Miranda L. Lynch ◽

Edward H. Snell ◽

Sarah E. J. Bowman

Keyword(s):

Structural Biology ◽

Protein Structures ◽

50Th Anniversary ◽

Data Bank ◽

World Health ◽

X Ray Crystallography ◽

The Status ◽

One Year ◽

Health Organization ◽

Structural Methods

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has wreaked unprecedented havoc on global society, in terms of a huge loss of life and burden of morbidity, economic upheaval and social disruption. Yet the sheer magnitude and uniqueness of this event has also spawned a massive mobilization of effort in the scientific community to investigate the virus, to develop therapeutics and vaccines, and to understand the public health impacts. Structural biology has been at the center of these efforts, and so it is advantageous to take an opportunity to reflect on the status of structural science vis-à-vis its role in the fight against COVID-19, to register the unprecedented response and to contemplate the role of structural biology in addressing future outbreak threats. As the one-year anniversary of the World Health Organization declaration that COVID-19 is a pandemic has just passed, over 1000 structures of SARS-CoV-2 biomolecules have been deposited in the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (PDB). It is rare to obtain a snapshot of such intense effort in the structural biology arena and is of special interest as the 50th anniversary of the PDB is celebrated in 2021. It is additionally timely as it overlaps with a period that has been termed the `resolution revolution' in cryoelectron microscopy (CryoEM). CryoEM has recently become capable of producing biomolecular structures at similar resolutions to those traditionally associated with macromolecular X-ray crystallography. Examining SARS-CoV-2 protein structures that have been deposited in the PDB since the virus was first identified allows a unique window into the power of structural biology and a snapshot of the advantages of the different techniques available, as well as insight into the complementarity of the structural methods.

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Comparing healthiness across urban, peri-urban, and rural communities in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh

GeoScape ◽

10.2478/geosc-2020-0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 11-23

Author(s):

Ripan Debnath ◽

Praghya Parmita Debnath

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Status ◽

Health Assessment ◽

World Health ◽

Health Determinants ◽

Disease Manifestation ◽

Income Opportunity ◽

Health Organization

AbstractPeople in urban and peri-urban areas enjoy better physical access to health facilities compared to those living in rural area. However, healthier natural environment is commonly absent in urban and its adjoining peri-urban areas. Premising on the competitiveness of health determinants outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO), this study has embarked upon comparing healthiness of different communities in a region as well as to ascertain the factor(s) regulating their healthiness related outcome. Relying on presurveyed 1397 household data spreading over an urban, two peri-urban, and eight rural localities in Mymensingh region, Bangladesh, the study has evaluated the communities’ healthiness in views of both the conventional perspective and using a set of health determinants. Illness and disease manifestation as well as socio-economic status of the households were analyzed statistically to get communities’ overall healthiness scenario. Later, comparison among the communities and contribution of different indicators were sought using a combined score index. In this study’s context, it has been found that urban is healthier than rural followed by peri-urban community. Here, rural areas lack education the most that should be improved; peri-urban areas need better income opportunity; and urban area requires better water-supply and waste management facilities to improve their respective health status in a community sense. There is not a commonly accepted health metrics for community’s comprehensive health assessment toward which this study sets a pathway. Besides, using the combined health index developed here, specific interventions required to improve community’s healthiness and minimize the gap among them can easily be identified.

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May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Mauritius

European Heart Journal Supplements ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/suab051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (Supplement_B) ◽

pp. B101-B103

Author(s):

Sudhirsen Kowlessur ◽

Bhoosun Ori ◽

Jaysing Heecharan ◽

Xin Xia ◽

Neil R Poulter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Blood Pressure Measurement ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Temporary Solution ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Hypertension is a growing burden worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 1.13 billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative of the International Society of Hypertension aimed at raising awareness of high blood pressure (BP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. We provide the results of the 2019 MMM (MMM19) edition in Mauritius. This cross-sectional survey of participants aged ≥ 18 years was carried out in May 2019. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic BP of at least 90 mmHg or in those on antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure measurement and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screening was conducted by the Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion Unit, which is under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Wellness, mainly in workplaces and community centres, in both rural and urban areas across Mauritius. Of the 8262 individuals screened, after multiple imputations, 950 (14%) had untreated hypertension. May Measurement Month 2019 was the largest BP screening campaign undertaken in Mauritius. These results suggest that MMM19 is useful in the identification of potential patients with raised BP.

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Malaria in Haiti: A Descriptive and Temporal Study from 2009 to 2018.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-375931/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jean Ricardo Jules ◽

Jeronimo Alencar ◽

Ernst Jn Baptiste ◽

Martha Cecília Suárez-Mutis ◽

Hermano Gomes Albuquerque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

World Health ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Data Sets ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Temporal Study ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Epidemiological Profile ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background Haiti is one of the Caribbean countries where malaria still persists. Malaria occurs throughout the country at altitudes below 600 meters. More than 99% of the malaria cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and the main vector is Anopheles albimanus. This paper aims to describe the epidemiological profile of malaria in Haiti between 2009 and 2018. Methods We analyzed information on malaria cases reported by both the Health Ministry of Haiti (Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population-MSPP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) during the study period. Results Between 2009 and 2018, a total of 232,479 malaria cases were reported by the MSPP. There was an increase in the incidence of malaria in the country in 2010 followed by a decrease in 2011. Due to efforts made by Haiti over the past decade to reduce malaria by 2020, malaria incidence has declined from 60,130 cases in 2010 to 8,978 cases in 2018. We verified that the MSPP and the WHO data are conflicting in relation to the number of cases reported. However, the results from both data sets presented the same malaria trend in Haiti from 2009 to 2018. The results also show the endemicity of the disease throughout Haiti, both in rural and urban areas, especially along the coast. Conclusion This work emphasizes the need to promote official data collection and analyses and the application of epidemiological surveillance of malaria for a better knowledge about the real impact of malaria on the Haitian population aiming more appropriate interventions.

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