scholarly journals The Market Trajectory of a Radically New Product: E-Cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Mickey M. Kislev ◽  
Shira Kislev
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
New Product ◽  
Product Type ◽  
Mass Point ◽  
Dominant Design ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rational Evaluation

The study analyzes the diffusion of electronic cigarettes as an innovation, as well as how industry, society, and the individual affect its market dynamics. The study is based on five surveys conducted during the years 2017-2019, and including participants of all ages (age 12 to 80 and beyond). The article describes indicators for evaluating the sustainability of a really-new product like electronic cigarettes, following the market trajectory of this product as it sets its dominant design and shapes the use-system for the product type from now onward. This process has two phases: trial and adoption. The probability of each nicotine product type’s adoption is different, depending on the prevalence of trials of that product among the population. The results of e-cigarette trials and additional indicators reveal the point (critical mass-point) where social influence outweighs rational evaluation by the individual regarding nicotine products. By using triers’ prevalence as the indicator for measuring an entry of really-new product into the market, the authors could identify the sustainability of that really-new product at a much early phase. Therefore, the prevalence of triers can be used as a predictor for the diffusion rate of an innovative product in a certain population and should be measured. The authors also propose a regression model that estimates the prevalence of triers based on the extent of users in the population.

The Free Responsible Action of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Responsible Action ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

If, as Chapter 12 argues, much of Bonhoeffer’s resistance thinking remains stable even as he undertakes the novel conspiratorial resistance, what is new in his resistance thinking in the third phase? What receives new theological elaboration is the resistance activity of the individual, which in the first two phases was overshadowed by the resistance role played by the church. Indeed, as this chapter shows, Bonhoeffer’s conspiratorial activity is associated with what he calls free responsible action (type 6), and this is the action of the individual, not the church, in the exercise of vocation. As such, the conspiratorial activity is most closely related to the previously developed type 1 resistance, which includes individual vocational action in response to state injustice. But the conspiratorial activity differs from type 1 resistance as individual vocational action in the extreme situation.

How label and nutritional claims affect consumers’ acceptance, buying intention and quality perception toward a beverage made from cashew nut

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1243-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Cabral Rebouças ◽  
Maria do Carmo Passos Rodrigues ◽  
Silvia Maria de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
New Product ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Perception Of Quality ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Mango Juice ◽  
Hedonic Scale

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the front of a package label and the nutritional claims linked to it over consumers’ expectations as to acceptance, purchase attitude and perception of quality characteristics of a new functional beverage made from cashew nut milk and added with mango juice and prebiotic substances. Design/methodology/approach Three versions of the front label were developed, which differed just by the type of nutritional claim presented (“0 per cent lactose and 0 per cent cholesterol; 0 per cent lactose, 0 per cent cholesterol and source of fibers, 0 per cent lactose, 0 per cent cholesterol and antioxidants”) and were evaluated in two phases, expectation and informed. For the evaluation, consumers used a multi-attribute scale, the nine-point hedonic scale and a nine-point semi-structured buying attitude scale. Findings The labels created a positive expectation on the consumers regarding the quality attributes, overall impression (mean = 6.0 “Like slightly”) and buying attitude (mean = 6.0 “Would probably buy”). After tasting the beverage associated with labels (informed phase), consumers kept a positive evaluation. The t-test performed between the pair of means of both phases showed that there has not been a significant difference regarding the quality attributes (p > 0.05), special, attractive, nutritive, healthy and buying attitude (Label 1, p = 0.26; Label 2, p = 0.18; Label 3, p = 0.26) in all labels. Originality/value The authors evaluated how the influence of label and nutritional claims in regards to a new product, a beverage made from cashew nut, affects its acceptance, buying attitude and characteristics of quality. Until this moment, there are no studies that evaluate how external attributes affect the acceptance of this beverage totally unique in the Brazilian market.

scholarly journals Disrupt-Then-Reframe is in the Air: A French Replication and Refinement

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-173
Author(s):  
Roxane Saint-Bauzel ◽  
Audrey Pelt ◽  
Laura Barbier ◽  
Valérie Fointiat
Keyword(s):  
Target Behaviour ◽  
Communication Situation ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Persuasive Effect

Abstract Initiated by Davis and Knowles (1999), the-disrupt-then-reframe technique is based on the linking of two moments in time. First of all, slipping an unexpected element into a communication situation that is likely to provoke a disruption in communication. Once this disruption has been achieved, proposing a target behaviour by insisting on the benefit that the individual could derive from it. We wanted to verify that this technique, effective in American, Dutch, and Polish contexts and naturally dependent on the culture of individuals and the communication norms which prevail there, could be effective in a French context. In accordance with the literature, our results show that when the two phases of the technique are linked, a greater persuasive effect is observed. A theoretically interesting way to interpret the effectiveness of the technique is proposed.

Modelling the individual and collective dynamics of the propensity to offend

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 421-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. NADAL ◽  
M. B. GORDON ◽  
J. R. IGLESIAS ◽  
V. SEMESHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Composite Parameter ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual

We introduce a general framework for modelling the dynamics of the propensity to offend in a population of (possibly interacting) agents. We consider that each agent has an ‘honesty index’ which parameterizes his probability of abiding by the law. This probability also depends on a composite parameter associated to the attractiveness of the crime outcome and of the crime setting (the context which makes a crime more or less likely to occur, such as the presence or not of a guardian). Within this framework we explore some consequences of the working hypothesis that punishment has a deterrent effect, assuming that, after a criminal act, an agent's honesty index may increase if he is caught and decrease otherwise. We provide both analytical and numerical results. We show that in the space of parameters characterizing the probability of punishment, there are two ‘phases’: one corresponding to a population with a low crime rate and the other to a population with a large crime rate. We speculate on the possible existence of a self-organized state in which, due to the society reaction against crime activities, the population dynamics would be stabilized on the critical line, leading to a wide distribution of propensities to offend in the population. In view of empirical works on the causes of the recent evolution of crime rates in developed countries, we discuss how changes of socio-economic conditions may affect the model parameters, and hence the crime rate in the population. We suggest possible extensions of the model that will allow us to take into account more realistic features.

Review Lectures on Senescence: I. The Causes of Aging

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maynard Smith
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Theories Of Aging ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

Aging processes are defined as those that increase the susceptibility of individuals as they grow older to the factors that may cause death. Various possible theories of aging are considered, and evidence that may help to decide between them is discussed. Changes in different organ systems may be merely symptoms of some single aging process, or they may be largely independent and synchronized by natural selection. Even if different organ systems age independently, they may do so as a result of similar changes at a cellular level. Cellular theories of aging may have to take into account the effects of selection between the cells in a tissue. The effects of radiation and somatic mutation theories of aging are discussed. It is suggested that radiation shortens life by inducing somatic mutations but that normal aging is not to any important extent caused by somatic mutations, although it may result from changes in cells that have effects on the physiology of the individual similar to those of somatic mutations. Evidence is presented that in Drosophila and in mice there are two phases in the life-span. In Drosophila , there is an initial “aging” phase, which is irreversible and occurs at a rate approximately independent of temperature, and a second “dying” phase, which is temperature-dependent in rate and reversible at lower temperatures. Reproduced by permission. J. Maynard Smith, Review Lectures on Senescence: I. The Causes of Aging. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 157 , 115-127 (1962).

Modeling Learner's Cognitive Abilities in the Context of a Web-Based Learning Environment

2008 ◽  
pp. 544-561
Author(s):  
Maria Aparecida M. Souto ◽  
Regina Verdin ◽  
José Palazzo M. de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Learning Trajectory ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Experimental Learning ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Web Learning

Our study is concerned with making the instruction suitable to the individual learner’s characteristics. This chapter describes the methodology used to investigate how to model the learner’s Cognitive Ability Level (CAL) based on the observation and analysis of his/her behaviour in a Web-learning environment. In our study, the CAL represents the learner’s cognitive stage development according to Bloom’s taxonomy. The methodology encompasses two phases: (i) the generation of the CAL classes for the target population and (ii) the study of learning trajectories of CAL classes in an experimental learning module. As a result, we have identified the CAL classes’ parametersvalues that best discriminate these classes from the observation and analysis of their learning trajectory on the Web. The entire knowledge obtained from this investigation will make possible to automate the learners’ CAL diagnostic. It will also give us the background to develop Web-learning environment contents.

Modeling Learner's Cognitive Abilities in the Context of a Web-Based Learning Environment

2006 ◽  
pp. 21-45
Author(s):  
Maria A.M. Souto ◽  
Regina Verdin
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Learning Trajectory ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Experimental Learning ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Web Learning

Our study is concerned with making the instruction suitable to the individual learner’s characteristics. This chapter describes the methodology used to investigate how to model the learner’s Cognitive Ability Level (CAL) based on the observation and analysis of his/her behaviour in a Web-learning environment. In our study, the CAL represents the learner’s cognitive stage development according to Bloom’s taxonomy. The methodology encompasses two phases: (i) the generation of the CAL classes for the target population and (ii) the study of learning trajectories of CAL classes in an experimental learning module. As a result, we have identified the CAL classes’ parametersvalues that best discriminate these classes from the observation and analysis of their learning trajectory on the Web. The entire knowledge obtained from this investigation will make possible to automate the learners’ CAL diagnostic. It will also give us the background to develop Web-learning environment contents.

Group Recommender Systems – An Evolutionary Approach Based on Multi-expert System for Consensus

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1092-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu Meena ◽  
Sonajharia Minz
Keyword(s):  
Recommender Systems ◽  
Group Recommendation ◽  
Group Recommender Systems ◽  
Maximum Utility ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multiple Experts ◽  
Group Profile ◽  
Group Recommender

Abstract Recommender systems have focused on algorithms for a recommendation for individuals. However, in many domains, it may be recommending an item, for example, movies, restaurants etc. for a group of persons for which some remarkable group recommender systems (GRSs) has been developed. GRSs satisfy a group of people optimally by considering the equal weighting of the individual preferences. We have proposed a multi-expert scheme (MES) for group recommendation using genetic algorithm (GA) MES-GRS-GA that depends on consensus techniques to further improve group recommendations. In order to deal with this problem of GRS, we also propose a consensus scheme for GRSs where consensus from multiple experts are brought together to make a single recommended list of items in which each expert represents an individual inside the group. The proposed GA based consensus scheme is modeled as many consensus schemes within two phases. In the consensus phase, we have applied GA to obtain the maximum utility offer for each expert and generated the most appropriate rating for each item in the group. In the recommendation generation phase, again GA has been employed to produce the resulting group profile, i.e. the list of ratings with the minimum sum of distances from the group members. Finally, the results of computational experiments that bear close resemblance to real-world scenarios are presented and compared to baseline GRS techniques that illustrate the superiority of the proposed model.

Quantitative Evaluation of the Interfacial Free Energies at A Solid-Liquid Lamellar Eutectic Interface

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Kaukler ◽  
J. W. Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Interfacial Free Energy ◽  
Eutectic System ◽  
Liquid Interfaces ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Interfacial Free Energies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Solid Liquid

The solid-liquid interfacial free energies of each of the individual phases comprising the eutectic system, Carbon Tetrabromide-Hexachloroethane, were measured as a function of composition using a “grain boundary groove” technique. Thermodynamic data were combined with groove shape measurements made from high resolution optical photomicrographs of the solid-liquid interfaces to give the interfacial free energy data. An interfacial free energy balance at the eutectic trijunction was performed to obtain all the forces acting on that point. The three interphase interfacial free energies at the eutectic trijunctions as well as a solid-solid phase boundary torque were evaluated.It was found that the solid-liquid interfacial free energies of the two phases of the eutectic could be evaluated from photomicrographs of growing or stationary eutectic interfaces. In addition, it was found that for a substantial range of freezing conditions the eutectic interface shape can be predicted from a knowledge of the interfacial free energies alone.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes: the solution or yet another phase of the tobacco epidemic?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Catherine O Egbe ◽  
Charles DH Parry ◽  
Bronwyn Myers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
The Individual

Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of death globally. For years, the tobacco industry sought to create a tobacco product that is less controversial than conventional cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes were created out of the supposed need to supply consumers of tobacco products with a less harmful tobacco product. The question remains, is it really less harmful for consumers of traditional cigarettes and other tobacco products to switch to electronic cigarettes? This article takes a closer look at the overall harm in relation to benefits of using electronic cigarettes for the individual and public health and the unintended negative consequences the introduction of electronic cigarette has had on overall public health. Given the evidence that the use of electronic cigarettes is a gateway to the use of other tobacco products especially among adolescents, we view electronic cigarettes as having the potential to cause a rebound of the tobacco use glut which the global public health community has been succeeding in reversing. We therefore support the World Health Organization’s suggestion that electronic cigarettes should be regulated as other tobacco products since there is, as yet, no harmless tobacco product. In the same vein, we view the new Tobacco Products and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill seeking to regulate electronic cigarettes in South Africa as other tobacco products as a step in the right direction.

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