scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Innovative Biomass Harvesting Systems for Young Dense Thinnings

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Biomass Harvesting ◽  
Cutting Head ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Supply Costs ◽  
The Cost

The objective was to analyze three innovative harvesting systems for early thinnings and compare forest-to-industry supply costs. FlowConv consists of a harvester equipped with an innovative continuously cutting, accumulating and bunching head (the FlowCut head), a forwarder and a truck to transport loose tree-parts. FlowFix consists of a harvester equipped with the same cutting head but also a bundling unit (the Fixteri system), plus a forwarder and roundwood truck for biomass transport. FlowCin consists of a new conceptual biomass harvester (the Cintoc system) equipped with the same cutting head and a second crane to pass the cut trees from the front of the machine to a bundling unit at the back, plus the same forwarding and trucking units as in the FlowFix system. Empirical data were used to assess the FlowConv system’s performance, while the FlowFix and FlowCin systems’ performance was simulated. Results indicate that supply costs of the FlowCin system would be 6–10% and 24–29% lower than those of the FlowFix and FlowConv systems, respectively. Thus, it would be more suitable to be equipped with an innovative cutting head, which is up to 100% more efficient than the current commercially available options. Key features of the Cintoc-based system (which minimize possible waiting times during operation) include its buffering cradle and delivery of biomass acquired in two cutting crane cycles to the intermediate delivering crane. The apparent superiority of the FlowCin system is consistent with previous conclusions regarding developments needed to maximize the cost-effectiveness of harvesting young dense stands.

Parents' Time Is Worth Money

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-466
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS RICHARDSON
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Home Management ◽  
Tacit Assumption ◽  
The Cost

To the Editor.— I was delighted to see Donn's letter about the cost effectiveness of home management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.1 Such contributions are vital in helping to curb the rapidly rising costs of neonatal intensive care. However, his economic analysis is flawed. By tacit assumption, he omits any consideration of the opportunity costs to the parents. To omit this presumes that the parents' time is worth little or nothing, as we often seem to indicate by the long patient waiting times in our offices.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00078
Author(s):  
Grażyna Sakson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Cost

Rainwater harvesting is an alternative water supply method that has become popular in recent years around the world. This is mainly due to financial reasons (reducing the cost of potable water and fees for rainwater discharge to the sewerage), but also because of environmental awareness. In Poland, rainwater harvesting systems are not often used because of their low financial viability determined by high system construction costs and the low prices of potable water. Earlier analysis conducted by the author showed that the payback period of investment outlays was from a dozen or so years for large buildings, to a few dozen for single-family houses. This situation may change after the introduction of common fees for discharging rainwater from impervious areas into sewerage, and fees for the reduction of natural retention on newly built-up areas, in accordance with new water regulations. This paper presents a cost analysis of rainwater harvesting systems for ten cities in Poland, with varying annual rainfall depth and various pricing for potable water. Analyses were carried out for a single-family house located in an area equipped with a municipal sewer system, and for a large building, located in an area equipped and not equipped with a municipal sewer system.

scholarly journals Impact of the Manchester Glaucoma Enhanced Referral Scheme on NHS costs

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Forbes ◽  
Matt Sutton ◽  
David F Edgar ◽  
John Lawrenson ◽  
Anne Fiona Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Health Service ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
National Health ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Outpatient Visits ◽  
Audit Data ◽  
The Cost

ObjectivesGlaucoma filtering schemes such as the Manchester Glaucoma Enhanced Referral Scheme (GERS) aim to reduce the number of false positive cases referred to Hospital Eye Services. Such schemes can also have wider system benefits, as they may reduce waiting times for other patients. However, previous studies of the cost consequences and wider system benefits of glaucoma filtering schemes are inconclusive. We investigate the cost consequences of the Manchester GERS.DesignObservational study.MethodsA cost analysis from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS) was conducted using audit data from the Manchester GERS.Results2405 patients passed through the Manchester GERS from April 2013 to November 2016. 53.3% were not referred on to Manchester Royal Eye Hospital (MREH). Assuming an average of 2.3 outpatient visits to MREH were avoided for each filtered patient, the scheme saved the NHS approximately £2.76 per patient passing through the scheme.ConclusionOur results indicate that glaucoma filtering schemes have the potential to reduce false positive referrals and costs to the NHS.

Cost Analysis Comparing Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) and Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) Scanning for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 567-567
Author(s):  
Alastair Dorreen ◽  
Chris Skedgel ◽  
Marc A. Rodger ◽  
Susan R. Kahn ◽  
Michael J. Kovacs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Pulmonary Emboli ◽  
Cost Minimization Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Abstract 567 Background: Accurate diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism remains problematic due to the nonspecific findings of the clinical presentation and the limitations of radiographic imaging. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has surpassed ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning as the primary imaging modality in the investigation of patients with suspected pulmonary emboli due to its superior diagnostic accuracy. Data from a large randomized controlled trial has indicated that while strategies using both CTPA and V/Q are equally safe at excluding the diagnosis, CTPA detects significantly more pulmonary emboli (1). The purpose of this study was to perform a cost analysis comparing CTPA and V/Q scanning for the investigation of patients with suspected pulmonary emboli based upon this large trial. Methods: A cost analysis was performed using a decision-analysis model. The costs and outcomes of CTPA and V/Q scanning in detecting or ruling out pulmonary embolism over a 90 day analysis horizon were incorporated into a decision tree where the probabilities for each outcome were taken from (1) and a systematic literature review. The decision tree incorporated the thromboembolic and major bleeding complications associated with the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism in 100,000 patients. Outcomes in the model were measured in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The economic model took a direct-payer perspective, considering direct costs to the health care system and patients. All costs were based on 2009 Canadian dollars. The primary economic evaluation was conducted within a deterministic cost-effectiveness analysis framework in terms of incremental cost per QALY. If the clinical benefits were found to be statistically insignificant the primary evaluation would be collapsed to a cost-minimization analysis and a secondary analysis would be performed to using probabilistic methods to estimate the expected incremental costs and outcomes based upon probability distributions around mean point estimates. Sensitivity analyses around key parameters were also performed. Results: The primary deterministic analysis collapsed to a cost-minimization analysis on the grounds that no statistically differences in the proportion of false negative results or mortality were observed in the randomized trial comparing CTPA with VQ scanning for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (1). The cost minimization analysis demonstrated a strategy using V/Q scanning as the primary imaging modality was less costly. CTPA was associated with an incremental cost of $11.3 million per 100,000 patients compared to V/Q scanning. CTPA was associated with an additional 3760 additional diagnoses of pulmonary embolism and 111 major bleeding episodes compared to V/Q scanning. The secondary probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that CTPA was associated with an incremental cost of $4.8 million per 100,000-person cohort and 3134 QALYs gained relative to V/Q scanning for a cost-effectiveness of $1543 per QALY gained. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve demonstrated CTPA had an 89% likelihood of being cost-effective relative to the threshold of $50,000 per QALY gained. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated cost-effectiveness ratio was most impacted by varying prevalence of pulmonary embolism and the relative and absolute differences in the proportions of fatal pulmonary embolism from falsely negative scans between the two tests. Conclusions: The results of the cost-minimization analysis imply that V/Q scanning is a less costly alternative to CTPA resulting from less pulmonary emboli diagnosed while maintaining similar 3-month rate of thromboembolic complications relative to CTPA. Secondary analysis, however, concluded that diagnostic algorithms incorporating CTPA may be cost-effective under defined circumstances. (1) Anderson et al. JAMA 2007; 298:2743-2753 Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Cost Analysis of a School-Based Social and Emotional Learning and Literacy Intervention

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Long ◽  
Joshua L. Brown ◽  
Stephanie M. Jones ◽  
J. Lawrence Aber ◽  
Brian T. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Social And Emotional Learning ◽  
Emotional Learning ◽  
Literacy Intervention ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
School Based ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Purpose: There is limited research on the costs of social and emotional learning (SEL) interventions [Crowley, Jones, Greenberg, Feinberg & Spoth (2012). Resource Consumption of a Diffusion Model for Prevention Programs: The PROSPER Delivery System. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50 (3), 256–263]. This paper describes a comprehensive methodology for determining the costs of a successful universal, school-based SEL intervention that was implemented in nine public schools over 3 years.Methods: Resource costs were identified using the Cost–Procedure–Process–Outcome Analysis Model [Yates (1996). Analyzing Costs, Procedures, Processes, and Outcomes in Human Services. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.; Yates (1999). Measuring and Improving Cost, Cost-Effectiveness, and Cost-Benefit for Substance Abuse Treatment Programs. No. NIH 99-4518, 135] and the ingredients model [Levin (Ed.) (1983). Cost-Effectiveness A Primer (Vol. 4). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; Levin & McEwan (2001). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Methods and Applications. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications]. This involved careful identification of resource use, finding the cost per unit for each resource by intervention activity, and ultimately calculating the total resource cost (resource use $\times$ cost per unit).Results: Our analysis estimated the overall cost of this 3-year SEL and literacy intervention to be $1,831,296 for nine schools. This averages to $67,825 yearly per school and $130 yearly for each student. The analysis estimated the first year of the intervention to be the costliest ($683,106) and then decreasing in Year 2 ($581,764) and Year 3 ($566,426).Conclusion: This research emphasizes the need to study the costs of SEL interventions. By providing a detailed and standardized methodology, this cost analysis can provide added support for implementing an effective social and emotional learning intervention in a school setting. Furthermore, it provides groundwork for more advanced cost analyses, such as a cost–effectiveness analysis or a benefit-cost analysis (BCA).

scholarly journals Systematic Review of the Economic Evaluation of Returning Incidental Findings in Genomic Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayara Fontes Marx ◽  
John E. Ataguba ◽  
Jantina de Vries ◽  
Ambroise Wonkam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Incidental Findings ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: Discussions regarding who and how incidental findings (IFs) should be returned and the ethics behind returning IFs have increased dramatically over the years. However, information on the cost and benefits of returning IFs to patients remains scanty.Design: This study systematically reviews the economic evaluation of returning IFs in genomic sequencing. We searched for published articles on the cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, and cost-utility of IFs in Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar.Results: We found six published articles that met the eligibility criteria of this study. Two articles used cost analysis only, one used cost-benefit analysis only, two used both cost analysis and cost-effectiveness, and one used both cost-benefit analysis and cost-utility to describe the cost of returning IFs in genomic sequencing.Conclusion: While individuals value the IF results and are willing to pay for them, the cost of returning IFs depends on the primary health condition of the patient. Although patients were willing to pay, there was no clear evidence that returning IFs might be cost-effective. More rigorous economic evaluation studies of IFs are needed to determine whether or not the cost of returning IFs is beneficial to the patient.

Development of an Hourly Optimization Tool for Renewable Energy Systems

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Lee ◽  
Andy Walker ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Complex Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The Cost

An hourly optimization tool is developed to select and size renewable energy (RE) systems to meet the energy needs for various federal facilities. The optimization is based on life cost analysis of various RE technologies including wind and PV systems. The developed hourly optimization tool is used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of RE technologies using complex energy and demand charges such time-of-use (TOU) rates. The paper compares results obtained using hourly analysis instead of annual based calculations to optimize the sizing of RE systems for residential, commercial, and industrial facilities in three representative US climates.

Properties Comparisons and Cost Analysis of Asphaltic Cement Grade 80/100 and 60/70 Modified with Crumb Rubber and SBS Polymer

2014 ◽  
Vol 911 ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudniran Phetcharat
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Softening Point ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Asphalt Cement ◽  
Modified Asphalt ◽  
Polymer Modified Asphalt ◽  
The Cost

Enhancing the quality of AC 60/70 using crumb rubber and SBS polymer has its limitations. These limitations are in terms of lower than standard penetration properties, softening point and ductility based on the polymer modified asphalt cement TISI 2156-2547 standard. This research aimed at eliminating the problem by using AC 80/100 and modifying it with crumb rubber or SBS polymer at different quantities. Two types of AC were compared in this research. The qualities tested were penetration, softening point, ductility, flash point and weight loss due to heat. The results of the quality of properties tested were analyzed based on TISI 2156-2547 standardfor AC. Furthermore, the research goes on to analyze the cost effectiveness of the modification and found that modified AC 80/100 has better qualities than AC 60/70 but is 5% higher in cost. Modifying AC 80/100 with 5 wt.% crumb rubber and 4 wt.% SBS polymer will decrease the penetration and ductility problem compared to modifying AC 60/70 with the same additives. However, the softening point is still a problem for both grades of AC.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Quality of Cost Analysis Literature in Physical Therapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 733-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Peterson ◽  
Clifford Goodman ◽  
Erin K. Karnes ◽  
Charlene J. Chen ◽  
J. Amanda Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Effectiveness Studies ◽  
Economic Studies

Background Policy makers, payers, and other stakeholders increasingly call for greater evidence of the cost-effectiveness of health care interventions. Objective The purposes of this study were to identify and rate the quality of cost analysis literature in physical therapy and to report summary information on the findings from the reviewed studies. Design This study was a targeted literature review and rating of relevant studies published in the last decade using a quality evaluation tool for economic studies. Measurements The Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument was used to obtain quality scores. Results Ninety-five in-scope studies were identified and rated using the QHES instrument. The average quality score was 82.2 (SD=15.8), and 81 of the studies received a score of 70 or higher, placing them in the “good” to “excellent” quality range. Investigators in nearly two thirds of the studies found the physical therapy intervention under investigation to be cost-effective. Limitations The small number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was a limitation of the study. Conclusions The quality of the literature regarding the cost-effectiveness of physical therapy is very good, although the magnitude of this body of literature is small. Greater awareness of the strengths and limitations of cost analyses in physical therapy should provide guidance for conducting high-quality cost-effectiveness studies as demand increases for demonstrations of the value of physical therapy.

scholarly journals Comparative Cost Analysis of Four Interventions to Prevent HIV Transmission in Bandung, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline J M Verstraaten ◽  
Fenna M.M. Beeren ◽  
Jip L.C. Janssen ◽  
Sophie Kemper ◽  
Adiatma Y M Siregar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Comparative Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Voluntary Counselling And Testing ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: the costs of HIV/AIDS interventions in Indonesia are largely unknown. Knowing these costs is animportant input for policy makers in the decision-making of setting priorities among HIV/AIDS interventions. Theaim of this analysis is to determine the costs of four HIV/AIDS interventions in Bandung, Indonesia in 2015, to informthe local AIDS commission. Methods: data on utilization and costs of the different interventions were collected in asexual transmitted infections (STI)-clinic and the KPA, the local HIV/AIDS commission, for the period of January2015-December 2015. The costs were estimated from a societal perspective, using a micro-costing approach. Results:the total annualized costs for condom distribution, mobile voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), religious basedinformation, communication, and education (IEC) and STI services equalled US$56,926, US$2,985, US$1,963 andUS$5,865, respectively. Conclusion: this analysis has provided cost estimates of four different HIV/AIDS interventionsin Bandung, Indonesia. Additionally, it has estimated the costs of scaling up these interventions. Together, this providesimportant information for policy makers vis-à-vis the implementation of these interventions. However, an evaluationof the effectiveness of these interventions is needed to estimate the cost-effectiveness.

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