scholarly journals Release of phytotoxins by decomposing roots of Pennisetum typhoides (Borm. f.) Staff et Hubb., their effect on soil fungi and succeeding crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Kanaujia
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Vanillic Acid ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Normal Field ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi

The roots of <i>Pennisetum typhoides</i> decomposing in normal field conditions, in sterilized soil inoculated with 15 rhizosphere fungi and in field soil maintained at various moisture levels produced vanillic acid. 3-4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and hydroxy cinnamic acid. These acids proved toxic to the rhizosphere fungi and seeds and seedlings of certain crop plants. Out of 15 rhizosphere fungal species inoculated to the soil only 6 could induce the release of toxins, moreover, the phytotoxic substances were detected from the washing of the roots collected only on the 30th day. The moisture range which showed liberation of toxins was 20-70 per cent. The time of liberation of acids in different set s varied. These were, however, frequently liberated from washings collected from roots decomposed for 15. 30 and 45 days.

scholarly journals Studies on certain aspects of root surface fungi II. Succession of fungi on decomposing Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf et Hubb.

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
R. S. Kanaujia
Keyword(s):  
Root Surface ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Root Washing

Sixty seven fungal species from the nonrhizosphere (NR), rhizopshere (RS) and cortical (RPC) and steler (RPS) parts of rhizopshere of crown (RC), middle (RM) and distal (RD) regions of decomposing roots of <i>Pennisetum typhoides</i> Burm. f.) Stapf. et Hubb. were isolated during December to June, 1970-72. The number of fungal species gradually decreased from NR—RPS in horizontal and RC—RD in vertical regions. The fungal population was always higher in RS of different depths than in corresponding NR regions. The amino acids and sugar components of the roots showed a direct correlation with the fungal population. The amount of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components of roots gradually decreased from December to June. Root-washing collected from RC, RM and RD regions exhibited the presence of vanillic acid and 3-4 dihydroxy benzoic acid during March and April. It also exerted an adverse effect on the 10 rhizosphere fungi during this period. pH and moisture contents showed a poor correlation with the fungal population cxcept during summer months. <i>Phycomycetes</i> with species of <i>Deuteromycetes</i> obtained in the first phase were followed by<i> Deuteromycetes</i> along with few <i>Ascomycetes</i> in the second phase. In the last Deuteromycetes with some slerile mycelia were isolated. Aspergilli were the most numerous throughout the present investigation.

scholarly journals Soil Fungal Resources in Annual Cropping Systems and Their Potential for Management

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Ellouze ◽  
Ahmad Esmaeili Taheri ◽  
Luke D. Bainard ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Navid Bazghaleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystems ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Selection Of

Soil fungi are a critical component of agroecosystems and provide ecological services that impact the production of food and bioproducts. Effective management of fungal resources is essential to optimize the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. In this review, we (i) highlight the functional groups of fungi that play key roles in agricultural ecosystems, (ii) examine the influence of agronomic practices on these fungi, and (iii) propose ways to improve the management and contribution of soil fungi to annual cropping systems. Many of these key soil fungal organisms (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal root endophytes) interact directly with plants and are determinants of the efficiency of agroecosystems. In turn, plants largely control rhizosphere fungi through the production of carbon and energy rich compounds and of bioactive phytochemicals, making them a powerful tool for the management of soil fungal diversity in agriculture. The use of crop rotations and selection of optimal plant genotypes can be used to improve soil biodiversity and promote beneficial soil fungi. In addition, other agronomic practices (e.g., no-till, microbial inoculants, and biochemical amendments) can be used to enhance the effect of beneficial fungi and increase the health and productivity of cultivated soils.

Phosphate Solubilization Potentials of Rhizosphere Fungi Isolated from Insecticide Treated Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Babatide Olufemi Oladapo ◽  
Esther Aanuoluwa Ekundayo ◽  
Mariam Olukemi Mokoolu ◽  
Fatuyi Olanipekun Ekundayo
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Phosphate Solubilization ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi ◽  
Optimization Study ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Tricalcium Phosphates

Abstract Insecticides are used widely to control a variety of pests and often residues of these insecticides are left in soil which may have impact on the phosphate solubilization potentials of rhizosphere fungi. Rhizosphere soils were collected from carefully uprooted cowpea seedlings with hand trowel on 50, 70 and 90th days of germination containing the lambda-cyhalothrin and dimethoate insecticides. Fungi associated with the above samples were identified by standard microbiological techniques. Screening for phosphate solubilization potential of the isolates was done by spot inoculation on Pikovskaya agar by measuring the clear zones around the colonies supplemented with tricalcium phosphates [Ca3(PO4)2]. The phosphatase produced by the fungal species was optimized using parameters such as incubation time, pH, temperature, carbon source and nitrogen source in submerged fermentation. The isolated rhizosphere fungi were identified as Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma viride, Arthroderma fulvum and Fusarium oxysporum. Among the isolates, Trichoderma viride showed the best ability to solubilize phosphate with solubilization index of 2.82 with dimethoate of 12.5ml/L of water. The optimization study for the enzyme production showed that the best incubation time for phosphatase production was 72 hours by Trichoderma viride. It was observed that the optimum pH for production of phosphatase by Trichoderma viride was 6.5. This study suggests that all the isolated fungi especially Trichoderma viride can adapt to these insecticidal treatments, which make them useful as biofertilizers to increase uptake of phosphorous in plants.

scholarly journals Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere mycoflora of two ferns from Panhala Fort, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 8638
Author(s):  
P. R. Hande ◽  
M. M. Dongare
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Rhizosphere Effect ◽  
Rhizosphere Soils ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Preliminary Study

Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn and Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link are threatened fern species from Western Ghats.  The present paper endorses the preliminary study on mycoflora associated with these ferns.  Eighteen fungal species have been isolated from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of selected ferns.  More diversity of fungi was observed in non-rhizosphere as compared to rhizosphere soils of both the ferns.  Aspergillus was found to be the most dominant genus among the population followed by Penicillium.  Higher percentage of fungal species is shown by H. crenatum, i.e., 44.5% in non-rhizosphere and 27.77% in rhizosphere; while a lower percentage of fungal species was found in A. leptophylla, i.e., 38.88% in non-rhizosphere and 16.66% in rhizosphere.  Number of colony forming units per gram soil was more in non-rhizosphere of A. leptophylla while it was less in non-rhizosphere of H. crenatum.  Inhibitory rhizosphere effect was exerted by A. leptophylla while H. crenatum has stimulatory effect on soil fungi. 

scholarly journals Assessing Genetic Resistance in Wheat to Black Point Caused by Six Fungal Species in the Yellow and Huai Wheat Area of China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 3131-3134
Author(s):  
Qiaoyun Li ◽  
Mengyu Li ◽  
Yumei Jiang ◽  
Siyu Wang ◽  
Kaige Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Resistant Cultivars

The most effective and environmentally sustainable method for controlling black point disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is to plant resistant cultivars. To identify sources of resistance to black point, 165 selected cultivars/lines were inoculated with isolates of six fungal species (Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium equiseti, Exserohilum rostratum, Epicoccum sorghinum, and Curvularia spicifera) known to cause black point in wheat using spore suspensions under controlled field conditions in 2016 and 2017. Inoculation of the isolates significantly increased the incidence of black point in the cultivars/lines compared with those grown under natural field conditions (NFC). The disease incidence of plants inoculated with B. sorokiniana and E. rostratum was 15.5% and 18.8% in 2016, and 20.4% and 23.0% in 2017, whereas those under NFC were 5.7% (2016) and 1.5% (2017), respectively. Furthermore, disease symptoms varied with pathogen. Among the 165 cultivars/lines tested, 3.6%, 50.9%, 60.0%, 1.8%, 47.3%, and 58.8% were resistant to B. sorokiniana, A. alternata, F. equiseti, E. rostratum, E. sorghinum, and C. spicifera, respectively. In addition, we identified one line (‘SN530070’) resistant to black point caused by all six pathogens. This is the first study to assess resistance to wheat black point caused by six fungal species under controlled conditions. The black point-resistant cultivars/lines could be useful in breeding and also in research on the mechanisms of resistance to black point.

Effects of various soil fungi and insecticides on the capacity of Mucor alternans to degrade DDT

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. E. Anderson ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metabolite Formation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Free Media ◽  
Related Compounds

Pure cultures of the fungus Mucor alternans, isolated from DDT-contaminated soils, were able to degrade DDT to water-soluble metabolites. After the addition of fungal spores to DDT-contaminated soils, however, the insecticide-degrading capacity of the fungus was no longer evident. Since under field conditions many species of fungi are simultaneously exposed to mixed residues of pesticidal chemicals, the effects of various species of soil fungi and of various insecticides on DDT degradation by M. alternans were investigated. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of nine fungal species, their stale cell-free media, and various insecticides and related compounds on the capacity of M. alternans to degrade 14C-DDT to water-soluble metabolites. It was found that several pure fungal cultures or some cell-free media, in which mycelia had grown, could also degrade the insecticide. In most cases, however, addition of one of the various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures resulted in a total depression of the appearance of water-soluble metabolites in the media. This was due to an accumulation of the metabolites in the mycelium of the other fungus or in an inhibition of metabolite formation. Addition of stale media from various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures had various effects on fungal growth and on the capacity of the fungus to degrade the insecticide. Among the insecticides and related compounds tested only lindane, parathion, and Dyfonate caused a reduction in DDT degradation by M. alternans, without severely reducing its vegetative growth.

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compound Profile of Pistachio Skins (Pistacia vera L., Cultivars Kallehghuchi and Ohadi)

2020 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Azadedel ◽  
Parichehr Hanachi ◽  
Azra Saboora
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Background: Pistachio, with the scientific name Pistacia vera L., a native plant in Asia, is a member of the Anacardiaceae family. Pistachio nuts and skins are known as a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Objectives: In the current study, the industrial production of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity was investigated because of the high mass production of pistachio skin in Iran. Methods: The extraction of two pistachio cultivars, namely Kalleghuchi and Ohadi were carried out by using two methods (maceration and ultrasonic extraction) and four solvents (acetone 70%, ethanol 50%, methanol 50%, and water). Antioxidant properties of pistachio skins were determined by three methods (Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method, DPPH assay, TLC/DPPH analysis). Results: The results showed that the highest content of total phenolic compounds were measured by ultrasonic and maceration methods related to Ohadi and Kallehghuchi in acetone solvents 17.4 ± 0.04 and 17.26 ± 0.1 mg/g DW, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was measured by ultrasonic and maceration methods related to Ohadi in acetone and water solvents IC50 = 0.057 ± 0.001 and 0.059 ± 0.002 µg/ml, respectively. By TLC/DPPH analysis, gallic acid, 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxy benzoic acid, tannic acid, and some unidentified compounds were determined. By HPLC analysis, gallic acid, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid were determined. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study clarifies some special biochemical characteristics of pistachio skins. Therefore, according to the results of the study, pistachio skins could be successfully used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Exhaustive C-methylation of carboxylic acids by trimethylaluminium: A new route to t-butyl compounds

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Meisters ◽  
T Mole
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Naphthoic Acid ◽  
Triphenylacetic Acid

Carboxylic acids are exhaustively C-methylated to t-butyl compounds by excess trimethylaluminium at c. 120�. Benzoic acid for example, gives t-butylbenzene. Similarly methylated are o-fluoro-, o-bromo-, and m-chloro-benzoic acids, 5-chloro-3-phenylsalicylic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, palmitic, oleic and undec-10-enoic acids. Adamantane-1-carboxylic acid gives mostly l-isopropenyladaman- tane, along with some 1-t-butyladamantane. Cinnamic acid gives mainly the allylically rearranged 2-methyl-4-phenylpent-2-ene. Triphenylacetic acid behaves atypically; 1,1,1-triphenylpropan-2-one and 3,3,3-triphenylpropyne result.

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