scholarly journals An attempt to determine the resistance of poplars to infection by Chondroplea populea (Sacc. Kłęb.) = Dothichiza populea Sacc. et Briard) on the basis of the composition of epiphytic bacterial microflora

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Danilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compound ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Epiphytic Bacteria ◽  
Gentisic Acid ◽  
Lignin Model ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Poplar Cuttings

Epiphytic bacteria isolated from the bark of shoot nodes of two year poplar cuttings hydrolyse chitin whereas those isolated from the internodes do not show this property. The epiphytic microflora of the sensitive variety P. 'Robusta' embraces coryneform bacteria and <i>Pseudomonas</i> which can as a carbon source utilize o-OH benzoic acid, gentisic acid or trans-cinnamic acid in 10<sup>-2</sup>M concentration. The resistant variety P. 'NE-42' is featured by Pseudomonas capable of catabolizing only genetisic acid in 10<sup>-2</sup>M con-centration. The ability of the bacteria to grow media containing either water extracts from the bark or phenolic acids (lignin model precursors) is correlated which the aromatic compound composition of the bark and resistance to infection by fungi.

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compound Profile of Pistachio Skins (Pistacia vera L., Cultivars Kallehghuchi and Ohadi)

2020 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Azadedel ◽  
Parichehr Hanachi ◽  
Azra Saboora
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Background: Pistachio, with the scientific name Pistacia vera L., a native plant in Asia, is a member of the Anacardiaceae family. Pistachio nuts and skins are known as a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Objectives: In the current study, the industrial production of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity was investigated because of the high mass production of pistachio skin in Iran. Methods: The extraction of two pistachio cultivars, namely Kalleghuchi and Ohadi were carried out by using two methods (maceration and ultrasonic extraction) and four solvents (acetone 70%, ethanol 50%, methanol 50%, and water). Antioxidant properties of pistachio skins were determined by three methods (Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method, DPPH assay, TLC/DPPH analysis). Results: The results showed that the highest content of total phenolic compounds were measured by ultrasonic and maceration methods related to Ohadi and Kallehghuchi in acetone solvents 17.4 ± 0.04 and 17.26 ± 0.1 mg/g DW, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was measured by ultrasonic and maceration methods related to Ohadi in acetone and water solvents IC50 = 0.057 ± 0.001 and 0.059 ± 0.002 µg/ml, respectively. By TLC/DPPH analysis, gallic acid, 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxy benzoic acid, tannic acid, and some unidentified compounds were determined. By HPLC analysis, gallic acid, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid were determined. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study clarifies some special biochemical characteristics of pistachio skins. Therefore, according to the results of the study, pistachio skins could be successfully used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Exhaustive C-methylation of carboxylic acids by trimethylaluminium: A new route to t-butyl compounds

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Meisters ◽  
T Mole
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Naphthoic Acid ◽  
Triphenylacetic Acid

Carboxylic acids are exhaustively C-methylated to t-butyl compounds by excess trimethylaluminium at c. 120�. Benzoic acid for example, gives t-butylbenzene. Similarly methylated are o-fluoro-, o-bromo-, and m-chloro-benzoic acids, 5-chloro-3-phenylsalicylic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, palmitic, oleic and undec-10-enoic acids. Adamantane-1-carboxylic acid gives mostly l-isopropenyladaman- tane, along with some 1-t-butyladamantane. Cinnamic acid gives mainly the allylically rearranged 2-methyl-4-phenylpent-2-ene. Triphenylacetic acid behaves atypically; 1,1,1-triphenylpropan-2-one and 3,3,3-triphenylpropyne result.

THE STRUCTURES OF TWO NEW ALKALOIDS: CHASMACONITINE AND CHASMANTHININE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Achmatowicz Jr ◽  
Léo Marion
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acid

A re-examination of the root of Aconitumchasmanthum Stapf has shown that it contains several alkaloids. Of these, besides indaconitine, the presence of which had been reported long ago, four new alkaloids have been isolated: base A (C26H43O6N), base B (C25H41O6N), chasmaconitine (C34H47O9N), and chasmanthinine (C36H49O9N). Chasmaconitine gives rise to bikhaconine on hydrolysis, and has been shown by conversion to delphinine to be N-ethyl-N-desmethyl-delphinine. Chasmanthinine is also hydrolyzable to bikhaconine. Whereas in chasmaconitine bikhaconine is esterified with acetic and benzoic acid, in chasmanthinine it is esterified with acetic and trans-cinnamic acid. The complete structures and absolute configurations of both bases are derived.

BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE POLYPHENOLIC ACID METABOLITES OF POLYPORUS TUMULOSUS COOKE

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Crowden
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Fungal Metabolite ◽  
Gentisic Acid ◽  
Metabolite Production ◽  
Acid Metabolites ◽  
Acid Pathway

Growth and metabolite production by Polyporus tumulosus Cooke were shown to be markedly influenced by (a) the nature of the carbon source, (b) the carbon mitrogen ratio, and (c) the pH of the medium at the time of inoculation. Whereas in some instances growth and metabolite production could be altered independently, production of phenols was more usually correlated with a high growth rate. Further, variations in the conditions of culture were shown to alter the relative proportions of the several phenolic acids as well as the gross yield.The biochemical interrelationships of the metabolites were also investigated. Isotope incorporation experiments demonstrated that these compounds have their biosynthetic origin in the shikimic acid pathway rather than by that of acetate condensation. The primary shunt metabolites were located on two similar pathways and a probable relationship for the secondary shunt metabolites is suggested. The investigation has shown that the well-known fungal metabolite gentisic acid is produced in a biochemical sequence alternative to that usually described for this compound in microorganisms.

scholarly journals Reaction of detached leaves from different varieties of sweet orange to inoculation with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Maria Orbolato Gonçalves-Zuliani ◽  
Kátia Aparecida Kern Cardoso ◽  
José Belasque Junior ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Zanutto ◽  
Heraldo Takao Hashiguti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Resistance To Infection

ABSTRACT Citrus genotypes show a broad range of resistance to infection with Xanthomonas citri subsp citri (Xcc), the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker (ACC). The aim of this study was to evaluate a detached leaf inoculation method to compare nine different citrus genotypes that exhibit varied resistance levels to ACC, and to evaluate infection, colonization and symptom development of the varieties by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Inoculation of Xcc in the leaves was carried out by producing injuries with needles. Lesion diameters were measured at 7, 10 and 13 days after inoculation (DAI). The variety Pera IAC was most resistant to the pathogen and had lesions with smaller diameters, while the variety Washington was most susceptible and had the largest lesions, indicating low resistance to Xcc. SEM images were taken from the lesion development, and sections were obtained from the disease lesions in the tested varieties. The most resistant variety, Pera IAC, had smaller stomatal openings and produced greater quantity of foliar exudates, compared with the variety Washington. We hypothesize that the exudates may contain Xcc toxic compounds and thus may be a defense mechanism against infection by Xcc, but further research is required to establish any antibiotic effects of the exudates against citrus canker.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Phenolic Compounds from Anabasis Aphylla L

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Du ◽  
Ye Wang ◽  
Xiaojiang Hao ◽  
Chun Li ◽  
Youliang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethyl acetate extract from the aerial parts of Anabasis aphylla, a Chenopodiaceous species widely distributed in the northwest of China, led to the isolation of six phenolic compounds, which were identified by means of spectrometric analysis as 1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethanone (1), 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid tetracosyl ester (2), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid (3), 2-hydroxy benzoic acid (4), 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid methyl ester (5) and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid pentadecane ester (6). These compounds were further screened for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) by use of the microdilution-MTT assay for antimicrobial activity against one Gram-positive bacterium ( Bacillus subtilis), three Gram-negative bacteria ( Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas lachrymans, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria), and one yeast ( Candida albicans). Apart from compound 6, which had no activity against any of the tested microorganisms, the other compounds showed selective inhibitory activity. This is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of the phenolic compounds isolated from A. aphylla. The obtained results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of the extract and some isolated compounds from this plant as antimicrobial agents to control plant and animal diseases.

Biosynthesis of phenolic acids in tomato plants infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 2041-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailash C. Chadha ◽  
Stewart A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative

Tomato plants 21 days old were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the causative organism of crown gall, and 72 h later [3-14C]cinnamic or [carboxyl-14C]benzoic acid was administered by wick-feeding to these and to uninfected control plants. After a further 48 h both groups were examined for incorporation of label into phenolic acids. The pattern of incorporation into bound phenolic acids of the controls was in accord with biosynthetic pathways previously demonstrated in normal plants, but qualitative and quantitative divergence from this pattern was observed in the bound phenolic acids of the infected plants. The data suggest interference by the pathogen with β-oxidation of at least two phenylpropanoid acids of the lignification pathway. In infected plants, lowered incorporation of 14C from cinnamic acid into phenylpropanoid acids of the lignification pathway and their β-oxidation products was accompanied by the appearance of labelled o-coumaric acid, consistent with some diversion of cinnamic acid metabolism toward ortho-hydroxylation. Incorporation of 14C from benzoic acid into gentisic and especially salicylic acid of infected plants was much lower than in the controls.

Zur Biosynthese der Benzoesäuren in Gaultheria procumbens III

1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Otto Vollmer ◽  
Hans Grisebach
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Vanillic Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Gentisic Acid ◽  
Gaultheria Procumbens

The cinnamic and benzoic acids present in Gaultheria procumbens could be separated by a combination of thin layer, paper, silicic acid, and gas chromatography. After administration of cinnamic-, o-coumaric-, and p-coumaric acid-[3-14C] to this plant, the amount of radioactivity in salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, gentisic, protocatechuic, and vanillic acid was quantitatively compared. Whereas all five of the latter acids were radioactive with cinnamic acid as the precursor, onky salicylic and gentisic acid contained radioactivity after administration of o-coumaric acid and only p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, and vanillic acid were radioactive with p-coumaric acid as the precursor. The results show that the hydroxylation pattern of the benzoic acids can be determined at the cinnamic acid stage.

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