INVESTIGATING EXPLOSIVE SENSITIVITY TO ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE ACCORDING TO NATO STANDARDIZATION DOCUMENTS

2016 ◽  
pp. 39-60
Author(s):  
Maciej MISZCZAK, ◽  
Cezary Kwiecień ◽  
Sławomir Gryka
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Smokeless Powders ◽  
Solid Explosives ◽  
Solid Rocket ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Explosive Sensitivity ◽  
Solid Rocket Propellants ◽  
Large Scale Tests

Some small scale methods for testing the sensitivity against ESD (Electro Static Discharge) of solid explosives like primary explosives, booster explosives, high explosives, gun and rocket propellants (smokeless powders and solid rocket propellants) and pyrotechnic compositions are overviewed in the paper from the point of NATO standardisation documentation that includes Standard Agreement (STANAG) 4490 [1], Allied Ordnance Publication AOP-7 [2] and STANAG 4170 [3]. The overview is supplemented with analyses and assessments of methods and received results. ESD sensitivity tests of explosives in small scale have not been unified yet in NATO standardization documentation in contradiction to NATO large scale tests. Such unification would be beneficial as it could lead to a greater reliability of results of explosive ESD susceptibility tests performed e.g. in the frame of interlaboratory tests.

Micro-fibre based Porous Composite Propellants with High Regression Rates

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
R.A. Chandru ◽  
S. Chappa ◽  
R.S. Bharath ◽  
C. Oommen ◽  
B.N. Raghunandan
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Space Propulsion ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Solid Explosives ◽  
Launch Systems ◽  
Solid Rocket ◽  
Solid Rocket Propellants ◽  
Practical Implications

Harnessing energy at micro-scale from high energy sources has gained significance in recent times for space propulsion and other applications. Conventional solid rocket propellants have advantages in terms of being efficient, compact and safe to handle, though with much lower regression rates as compared to solid explosives. An approach to high regression rates in composite propellants is demonstrated in the present work by the enhancement of fuel-oxidiser interaction, and by the incorporation of micro-scale porosity into the propellant grain. The porous polystyrene-ammonium perchlorate grain designed in this work, based on electrospun micro-fibres and aqueous impregnation, exhibits burning rates more than 25 times as compared to the non-porous grain. Such high regression rates using insensitive propellant compositions have practical implications in the development of micro-thrusters, and in gas generating devices such as MAV launch systems and turbine starters. Detailed preparatory procedure, characterisation techniques, and flame regression studies are included in this paper.

scholarly journals LARGE AND SMALL SCALE WAVE OVERTOPPING MEASUREMENTS FOR AFSLUITDIJK REHABILITATION PROJECT

2020 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Wouter Ockeloen ◽  
Coen Kuiper ◽  
Sjoerd van den Steen
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Wave Overtopping ◽  
Physical Model Tests ◽  
Large Scale Tests

The 'Afsluitdijk' is a 32 km enclosure dam which separates the Wadden sea and the Lake IJssel. The dam currently undergoes a major rehabilitation to meet the requirements with regard to water safety. The Dutch Ministry of infrastructure and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat division) has commissioned Levvel, a consortium of BAM, Van Oord and Rebel, to prepare the design and carry out the reconstruction of the dam including sluices and highway. The project includes reinforcement of the armour layers and wave overtopping reduction. As part of the contract Rijkswaterstaat prescribed the contractor (Levvel) to verify the design with large scale physical model tests (min. 1:3 scale). These tests were carried out in the Delta Flume of Deltares. Prior to the large scale tests, smaller scale tests (1:20) have been carried out to optimize the design with regard to armour stability and wave overtopping. The research described here focuses on the wave overtopping.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/kPga0wVCCIE

scholarly journals Synthesis of HTPB using a semi-batch method

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-202
Author(s):  
Michał Chmielarek ◽  
Wincenty Skupiński ◽  
Zdzisław Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Batch Method ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Solid Rocket ◽  
Solid Rocket Propellants

Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is widely used in industry for both civil and military applications. In munitions, HTPB is mostly used as a binder for heterogenic rocket propellants and as a component of plastic bonded explosives, as well as a phlegmatizer in explosives sensitive to friction and impact. The wide range of HTPB applications results from the good mechanical properties of HTPB-based polyurethanes, in particular at temperatures down to –40 °C. A synthesis method for HTPB, different from the commonly used semi-batch and continuous methods, is presented. The effect of parameters including reaction temperature, 1,3-butadiene pressure and hydrogen peroxide concentration on the properties of the obtained polymer is determined. The synthesis conditions enabling new HTPB species to be obtained, which meet the requirements for binders used in solid rocket propellants, are specified.

scholarly journals Long Term and Large-Scale Continuous Studies on Zinc(II) Sorption and Desorption on Hybrid Pectin-Guar Gum Biosorbent

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Jakóbik-Kolon ◽  
Joanna Bok-Badura ◽  
Andrzej Milewski ◽  
Krzysztof Karoń
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Real Wastewater ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Large Scale Tests

Pectin-guar gum biosorbent was tested for zinc(II) ions removal in column process. Sorption–desorption experiments were performed in laboratory and at larger scale. The breakthrough and elution curves were obtained for various conditions. The Bed Depth Service Time model was tested for utility in data estimation. Possibility of sorbent reuse and its lifetime was examined in 20 repeated sorption–desorption cycles. Finally, tests were repeated for real wastewater from galvanizing plant, giving satisfactory results. The effectiveness of Zn(II) sorption happened to be dependent on process parameters; tests have proved that it increased with increasing bed height and with decreasing flow rate or grain size. For an initial zinc concentration of 30 mg/L, even 2096 mL of zinc solution could be purified in small scale experiment (2 g of fine grain sorbent and flow rate 60 mL/h) or 5900 L in large-scale (16 kg of large grain sorbent and flow rate 45 L/h). This allowed for 40-fold or 49-fold zinc increases in concentration in one sorption–desorption cycle. The most successful results are meant that at least 20 sorption–desorption cycles could be performed on one portion of biosorbent without loss of its effectiveness, large-scale tests for real wastewater from galvanizing plant gave satisfactory results, and that the form and mechanical stability of our sorbent is suitable for column usage with flow rates applicable in industry.

Experimental and theoretical burning of solid rocket propellants near the pressure deflagration limit

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Bruno ◽  
Giulio Riva ◽  
Claudio Zanotti ◽  
Roberto Dondè ◽  
Carlo Grimaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Solid Rocket ◽  
Solid Rocket Propellants
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