New Spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Diosmin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Batch and FIA Systems

A new attempt is made to determine diosmin (DIO) in its pure form and in dietary supplements by using spectrophotometric flow injection analysis (FIA) assay method conjugated with batch method. The analysis was achieved depending on the oxidative coupling reaction with N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) to form a green dye which is measured at wavelength of 677 nm. The tested methods were found to be economical, delicate, precise and sturdy. The validation variables of the batch and FIA methods gave linearity in the determination range of DIO (1-35) μg/mL and (5-120) μg/mL demonstrated calibration graphs with linearity coefficient values of r2 =0.9989 and r2 =0.9991, respectively. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) values were found to be (0.8463 and 1.022) μg/mL, while limits of detection (LOD) were (0.2539 and 0.3067) µg/mL for the two methods, respectively. The precision for the developed methods denoted by relative standard deviation (RSD %), were 0.386 and 0.55 %, while the accuracy based on recovery values (Rec %) were 100.273 and 100.24, respectively. The relative error (RE %) was less than 1% for the batch method and (1.1%) for the FIA method. The values of these parameters were observed to fall within the specified accepted limits; therefore, the tested methods seem to be adequate for the analysis of DIO in pharmaceutical preparations.

Synthesis of Adsorbent from Bagasse for Methylene Blue Adsorption

The ability of bagasse adsorbents to adsorb methylene blue without activation using 0.5 M H2SO4 solution was examined. Methylene blue is widely used in the textile industry because it produces bright colors, and the dyeing process is fast and easy. This research aims to determine the optimum adsorption conditions, namely the variations in contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent mass, and pH effect on methylene blue, which were carried out using the batch method. Furthermore, the adsorbents were characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The optimum state of the bagasse adsorbent to adsorb methylene blue dye has a mass of 0.5 grams, a contact time of 30 minutes, a concentration of 50 ppm, and a pH of 5. The character of the adsorbent after activation with H2SO4 was better than without activation. The highest adsorption efficiency of methylene blue dye in the batch method was 99.67%. The FTIR spectrum of the bagasse adsorbent showed OH, C-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O functional groups. The adsorption isotherm model for methylene blue dye follows the Langmuir isotherm since the graph obtained is linear with the correlation coefficient (R2) = 1, where the adsorbent has a homogeneous surface.

EvaluationofremovalefficiencyofFe(III)andAl(III)ionsinacidsulfate waterusing agarose-basedmagnesiumoxidecomposite

Agarose/MgO composite adsorbents were developed through interspersing MgO nanoparticles with agarose to create an absorbent. The elimination capacity of the composite towards iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), and arsenate (As) in acid sulfate water was evaluated by means of batch method at room temperature. The constituents of the composite were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The removal efficiency was determined through inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry. The composite adsorbent exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity towards three types of ions and heavy metals that are found in acid sulfate water. After treating with agarose/MgO, the concentrations of Fe and Al decreased from 60.28 and 604.84 μg/l, respectively, to under 3.42 and 1.78 μg/l, respectively. These exceptional results reveal the potential uses of agarose/MgO composites as adsorbents in the treatment of acid sulfate water.

Evaluasi Efektivitas Metode dan Media Filtrasi pada Pengolahan Air Limbah Tahu

Peningkatan jumlah industri tahu di Indonesia diiringi dengan meningkatnya jumlah limbah industri tahu yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus. Limbah tahu dengan kandungan bahan organik tinggi memberikan dampak negatif bagi sistem perairan jika dibuang tanpa adanya pengolahan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mempelajari metode yang efektif dalam mengolah limbah tahu dengan variasi media filtrasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan 2 metode yang diperlakukan pada 2 kolom filtrasi dengan media filtrasi yang berbeda. Susunan media utama pada kolom filtrasi 1 berupa bioball dan kolom filtrasi 2 berupa bioring. Metode batch dan kontinyu diperlakukan pada dua jenis kolom filtrasi tersebut. Ketinggian total media filtrasi untuk setiap kolom adalah 20 cm dengan volume air limbah 5 liter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kualitas air limbah tahu pada sampel hari ke 1 dengan terjadinya penurunan konsentrasi COD pada kolom 1 dengan perlakuan metode batch sebanyak 18,12%. Peningkatan konsentrasi DO paling optimal pada kolom 1 dengan perlakuan metode kontinyu sebanyak 18,03%. Selanjutnya konsentrasi pH terjadi peningkatan secara signifikan pada kolom 2 dengan perlakuan metode batch sebanyak 41,27%. Sedangkan penurunan konsentrasi kekeruhan diperoleh pada kolom 1 dengan perlakuan metode batch sebanyak 57,22%. Perlakuan limbah tahu dengan metode batch pada waktu tinggal 1 hari memberikan peningkatan kualitas air limbah tahu yang lebih baik meskipun pada waktu tinggal yang lebih lama terjadi penurunan kualitas akibat terjadinya proses dekomposisi yang tidak terkontrol. Lebih lanjut, perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan melibatkan mikroorganisme selektif pada penyaring lambat dengan metode batch agar dihasilkan penurunan konsentrasi COD yang lebih signifikan. ABSTRACTThe increase in the number of tofu industries in Indonesia is accompanied by an increase in the amount of tofu industrial waste that needs special attention. Tofu waste with high organic matter content has a negative impact on aquatic systems if it is disposed of without treatment. The aim of this research was to study the effective method of treating tofu waste with a variety of filtration media. This research was conducted using 2 methods which were treated on 2 filtration columns with different filtration media. The composition of the main media in first filtration column is bioball and second filtration column is bioring. Batch and continuous methods are applied to the two types of filtration columns. The total height of the filtration media for each column is 20 cm with a volume of 5 liters of wastewater. The results showed an increase in the quality of tofu wastewater on the first day of the sample with a decrease in COD concentration in first column with the batch method treatment of 18.12%. The most optimal increase in DO concentration in first column with continuous method treatment was 18.03%. Furthermore, the pH concentration increased significantly in second column with the batch method treatment as much as 41.27%. While the decrease in turbidity concentration was obtained in column 1 with batch method treatment as much as 57.22%. The treatment of tofu waste using the batch method at a residence time of 1 day provides a better-quality improvement of tofu wastewater although at a longer residence time there is a decrease in quality due to an uncontrolled decomposition process. Furthermore, it is necessary to conduct research involving selective microorganisms in a slow filter with a batch method in order to produce a more significant reduction in COD concentration.

Continuous synthesis of TiO2-supported noble metal NPs and their application in ammonia borane hydrolysis

A stabilizer-free method based on segmented flow for the continuous synthesis of TiO2 supported noble metal nanoparticles (M/TiO2-MR, M = Pd, Pt or Au) was proposed. Due to the enhanced mixing performance arising from the internal convection in the discrete plugs, the particle size of noble metal nanoparticles could be well controlled by reducing the metal precursors with NaBH4 just in the presence of TiO2 without using any stabilizer. In comparison with the batch method, the as-prepared M/TiO2-MR had smaller noble metal particle size and better dispersity. Experimental results showed that adjusting the oil-to-water phase ratio or increasing the total volume flow rate and synthetic temperature could lead to smaller average particle size with narrower distribution. The as-prepared M/TiO2-MR possessed higher catalytic activities in the hydrolysis of ammonia borane than those prepared by the batch method, which could be ascribed to smaller noble metal nanoparticles, exposing more active sites.

Decontamination of cadmium(II) from synthetic wastewater onto shea fruit shell biomass

Shea fruit shells being an agricultural waste material was utilized to test its novelty as an inexpensive biosorbent for the elimination of Cd(II) from synthetic wastewater using the batch method. A batch study was employed to probe the impact of pH of the solution, contact time, temperature and initial concentration on the depollution of Cd(II) ions using unmodified Shea fruit shells biomass. The decontamination of Cd(II) by the unmodified Shea fruit shells biomass was found to be dependent on these adsorption parameters. The equilibrium data best represented Freundlich isotherm by a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9691. The kinetic models analyzed suggest pseudo-second-order ($${R}^{2} = 0.9515$$ R 2 = 0.9515 ) as the best fit model signifying that the removal of Cd(II) ions was on account of chemisorption. The positive values of the thermodynamic parameters, ΔH° and ΔS° reveal endothermic and increase of disorder of the process while the negative charge of ΔG° shows spontaneity of the system.