A STUDY OF STATIC FRICTION IN RECIPROCATING MOVEMENT OF SLIDING PAIR STEEL-EXPANDED GRAPHITE

Tribologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 270 (6) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra REWOLIŃSKA ◽  
Piotr KOWALEWSKI ◽  
Karolina PERZ ◽  
Marta PACZKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Kinetic Friction ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Reciprocating Movement

The paper presents the results of coefficient of static and kinetic friction depending on the load. During the study, the sample in the form of a pin with expanded graphite, mounted in a holder, was forcibly pressed the Fn to the steel countersample. The device on which the tests were carried out research allows sliding friction in reciprocating motion. It has been found that there is a noticeable difference between the coefficient of static friction and kinetic for both fixed and different pressures. In the field of applied pressure, there were no significant their impact on the coefficient of friction; applied force was not sufficiently high which may have contributed to this state. The study had a distinctive character.

Coefficients of Friction: Static Versus Dynamic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Youqin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Frictional Force ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Dynamic Friction ◽  
Kinetic Friction ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic ◽  
New Discovery

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of static and dynamic (or kinetic) friction, namely the coefficients of friction for the two states. The coefficient of static friction is well known, and its theory and practice are commonly accepted by the academia and the industry. The coefficient of kinetic friction, however, has not fully been understood. The popular theory for the kinetic friction is that the coefficient of dynamic friction is smaller than the coefficient of static friction, by comparison of the forces applied in the two states. After studying the characteristics of the coefficient of friction, it is found that the comparison is not appropriate, because the inertial force was excluded. The new discovery in the paper is that coefficients of static friction and dynamic friction are identical. Wheel “locked” in wheel braking is further used to prove the conclusion. The key to cause confusions between the two coefficients of friction is the inertial force. In the measurement of the coefficient of static friction, the inertial force is initiated as soon as the testing object starts to move. Therefore, there are two forces acting against the movement of the object, the frictional force and the inertial force. But in the measurement of the coefficient of kinetic friction, no inertial force is involved because velocity must be kept constant.

Clot friction variation with fibrin content; implications for resistance to thrombectomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian M Gunning ◽  
Kevin McArdle ◽  
Mahmood Mirza ◽  
Sharon Duffy ◽  
Michael Gilvarry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

BackgroundDespite significant advancements in the procedural efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with ischemic stroke in recent years, there still remains a portion of the population that does not achieve good recanalization. The reasons for this may be varied. We hypothesized that static friction between the clot and the vessel, or catheter wall might contribute to the difficulty in removing the clot.ObjectiveTo determine if there is a relationship between clot composition and the resistance to sliding (friction) which might contribute to resistance to clot removal.MethodsAs clot composition can vary significantly, we investigated five different types of clot in order to measure their respective frictional properties. To do this, a custom-made testing apparatus was created, consisting of various replaceable low-friction surfaces on which the clots could be placed. The surface was then gradually tilted until the clots began to slide; the angle at which this occurred is related to the coefficient of friction of the clots. The experiment was repeated on a bovine aortic surface in order to confirm the results.ResultsWe found that fibrin-rich clots (<20% red blood cell content) have a significantly higher coefficient of friction than clots with a red blood cell content >20%. This result was confirmed by repeating the experiment on a bovine aortic surface as a representation of the interaction between clots and the arterial wall.ConclusionsThe friction properties of clots were found to be related to the content ratio of fibrin to red blood cells. Future imaging techniques that could show fibrin and red blood cell content might help us to predict the ‘stickiness’ of a clot.

scholarly journals A method for determining the high-temperature coefficient of friction

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
V. V. Kovriga ◽  
A. S. Vasil'eva ◽  
A. I. Malikov
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Kinetic Friction ◽  
Thermal Chamber ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

A method for estimating the coefficient of friction at high temperatures up to 220°C in the thermal chamber of a bursting machine has been developed. It is shown that the coefficient of kinetic friction with a change in temperature from 25°C to 220°C varies from 0.04 to 0.1. In the developed method, the coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of kinetic friction are determined. The coefficient of static friction at a temperature of 25°C to 220°C varies from 0.06 to 0.13.

Experimental Investigation of aluminum doping crumb rubber/epoxy composite in reciprocating motion

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Goutam Chandra Karar ◽  
Nipu Modak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Friction Tester ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

The experimental investigation of reciprocating motion between the aluminum doped crumb rubber /epoxy composite and the steel ball has been carried out under Reciprocating Friction Tester, TR-282 to study the wear and coefficient of frictions using different normal loads (0.4Kg, 0.7Kgand1Kg), differentfrequencies (10Hz, 25Hz and 40Hz).The wear is a function of normal load, reciprocating frequency, reciprocating duration and the composition of the material. The percentage of aluminum presents in the composite changesbut the other components remain the same.The four types of composites are fabricated by compression molding process having 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% Al. The effect of different parameters such as normal load, reciprocating frequency and percentage of aluminum has been studied. It is observed that the wear and coefficient of friction is influenced by the parameters. The tendency of wear goes on decreasing with the increase of normal load and it is minimum for a composite having 10%aluminum at a normal load of 0.7Kg and then goes on increasing at higher loads for all types of composite due to the adhesive nature of the composite. The coefficient of friction goes on decreasing with increasing normal loads due to the formation of thin film as an effect of heat generation with normal load.

scholarly journals Solid Lubrication by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Air and in Vacuum for Space and Aeronautics Applications

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Miyoshi ◽  
K. W. Street ◽  
R. L. Vander Wal ◽  
R. Andrews ◽  
David Jacques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Solid Lubrication ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Solid Lubrication Friction ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Steel Balls

To evaluate recently developed aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and dispersed MWNTs for solid lubrication applications, unidirectional sliding friction experiments were conducted with 440C stainless steel balls and hemispherical alumina-yttria stabilized zirconia pins in sliding contact with the MWNTs deposited on quartz disks in air and in vacuum. The results indicate that MWNTs have superior solid lubrication friction properties and endurance lives in air and vacuum under dry conditions. The coefficient of friction of the dispersed MWNTs is close to 0.05 and 0.009 in air and in vacuum, respectively, showing good dry lubricating ability. The wear life of MWNTs exceeds 1 million passes in both air and vacuum showing good durability. In general, the low coefficient of friction can be attributed to the combination of the transferred, agglomerated patches of MWNTs on the counterpart ball or pin surfaces and the presence of tubular MWNTs at interfaces.

Frictional Vibrations

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
David Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Uniform Motion ◽  
Friction Characteristic ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Brake Lining ◽  
Solid Bodies ◽  
Frictional Vibrations

Abstract Frictional vibrations, such as stick-slip motion and automobile-brake squeal, which occur when two solid bodies are rubbed together, are analyzed mathematically and observed experimentally. The conditions studied are slow uniform motion and relatively rapid simple harmonic motion of brake lining over a cast-iron base. The equations of motion show and the observations confirm that frictional vibrations are caused primarily by an inverse variation of coefficient of friction with sliding velocity, but their form and occurrence are greatly dependent upon the dynamical constants of the mechanical system. With a constant coefficient of friction, the vibration initiated whenever sliding begins is rapidly damped out, not by the friction but by the “natural” damping of all mechanical systems. The coefficient of friction of most brake linings and other organic materials was essentially invariant with velocity, except that the static coefficient was usually greater than the sliding coefficient. Most such materials usually showed a small decrease in coefficient with increasing temperature. The persistent vibrations resulting from the excess static friction were reduced or eliminated by treating the rubbing surfaces with polar organic compounds which produced a rising friction characteristic.

scholarly journals Anisotropic Vibration Tactile Model and Human Factor Analysis for a Piezoelectric Tactile Feedback Device

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jichun Xing ◽  
Huajun Li ◽  
Dechun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Ciliary Body ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Excitation Frequency ◽  
Tactile Feedback ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

Tactile feedback technology has important development prospects in interactive technology. In order to enrich the tactile sense of haptic devices under simple control, a piezoelectric haptic feedback device is proposed. The piezoelectric tactile feedback device can realize tactile changes in different excitation voltage amplitudes, different excitation frequencies, and different directions through the ciliary body structure. The principle of the anisotropic vibration of the ciliary body structure was analyzed here, and a tactile model was established. The equivalent friction coefficient under full-coverage and local-coverage of the skin of the touch beam was deduced and solved. The effect of system parameters on the friction coefficient was analyzed. The results showed that in the full-coverage, the tactile effect is mainly affected by the proportion of the same directional ciliary bodies and the excitation frequency. The larger the proportion of the same direction ciliary body is, the smaller the coefficient of friction is. The larger the excitation frequency is, the greater the coefficient of friction is. In the local-coverage, the tactile effect is mainly affected by the touch position and voltage amplitude. When changing the touch pressure, it has a certain effect on the change of touch, but it is relatively weak. The experiment on the sliding friction of a cantilever touch beam and the experiment of human factor were conducted. The experimental results of the sliding friction experiment are basically consistent with the theoretical calculations. In the human factor experiment, the effects of haptic regulation are mainly affected by voltage or structure of the ciliary bodies.

The development of wear-protective oxides and their influence on sliding friction

1980 ◽  
Vol 369 (1739) ◽  
pp. 557-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Metal Wear ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Metal Wear Particles ◽  
Clean Metal

The friction behaviour of iron and Fe-Cr alloys in unidirectional and reciprocating sliding motions at 293 K has been examined in oxygen of controlled partial pressure. During sliding, a progressive decrease in coefficient of friction accompanies the development of compacted oxide films on the metal surfaces, eventually resulting in a steady value of about 0.6 when almost complete oxide coverage is attained. This is achieved more rapidly at higher oxygen partial pressures. A model to account for the experimental observations is proposed, based on the growth of oxide on the clean metal surfaces and metal wear particles between each wear traversal and the removal of that oxide during the subsequent traversal. The oxidized debris is fragmented further and compacted on to the metal surfaces to form a layer of nominally constant thickness, the area of which increases progressively with the number of sliding traversals. The model relates the coefficient of friction to the area of compacted oxide in terms of several interfacial metal, oxide and metal-oxide parameters. The importance of some of these parameters on the frictional behaviour is discussed in light of the experimental observations.

THE INFLUENCE OF A CONSTANT STATE OF DEFORMATION ON THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT IN SELECTED THERMOPLASTICS (POLYMER–STEEL PAIR)

Tribologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej KUJAWA ◽  
Wojciech WIELEBA
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tensile Deformation ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Kinetic Friction ◽  
High Deformation ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Constant State ◽  
Friction Polymer

The effect of tensile deformation on polymer structures and their mechanical properties is described in various papers. However, the majority of articles are focused on high deformation (a few hundred percentiles) at increased temperature. It causes changes in orientation and the crystallinity ratio. The authors of this paper asses the influence of strain (max. 50%) on hardness and the coefficient of friction (polymer–steel A1 couple) for selected polymers. The deformation was conducted at room temperature and maintained during tests. There was a significant reduction (up to 50%) of hardness after deformation, in the case of all examined polymers. In the case of PE-HD, the coefficient of kinetic friction almost doubled its value (89% increase). The reduction of the coefficient of static friction for sliding pairs that include PTFE and PA6 was about 26% (in comparison with non-deformed polymer). For all investigated polymers, hardness increased over time (up to 40% after 24 hours). Coefficients of static and kinetic friction decreased in 24 hours (up to 29% coefficient of static friction and 19% coefficient of kinetic friction). The research shows that a small deformation causes changes in polymer properties. Moreover, these changes appear at room temperature directly after deformation.

ON THE FRICTION OF INFLATED RUBBER TIRES ON ICE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Niven
Keyword(s):  
Friction Force ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Rolling Friction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slow Speed ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Load Axis ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

The friction on ice of some small inflated rubber tires was measured on a turntable in a cold room. When rolling-friction force was plotted against load, the relation was either linear or slightly curved away from the load axis; such curvature implies that Thirion's Law does not hold for rolling friction. On the other hand when sliding-friction force was plotted against load the curvature was toward the load axis as would be expected if Thirion's Law applied. The coefficient of friction can go as low as 0.01 or even lower for a hard-pumped tire when the temperature is near 0 °C, but at −1 °C. rolling friction on dry ice is quite appreciable. The results refer only to measurements at very slow speed.

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