Research on the Reciprocating Motion of the Man-Machine Indirect Piston and the Efficiency of Internal Friction

In the process of technological progress and development, many industries are moving towards artificial intelligence (AI) technology, which is a construction and combination of multi-thinking technology. But in terms of structure, material development and diversification, the source of ideas is still inseparable from the natural world. Therefore, when faced with solving problems, many scientists not only conduct in-depth research on changes in cells, tissues and expansion, to solve the multi-dimensional movement of current technology, but also non-destructively explore the thermal effects of friction. Self-generated lubrication or external additives are used to solve the demand, so that the reciprocating movement of the piston can be more effective, and each cycle can be achieved. According to research and discussion, in each cycle, heat engine and cooling, speed movement frequency and lubrication method are different, which not only makes the piston have different effects, but also the reaction and sensitivity will greatly change, which makes it necessary to stop resting. Therefore, this research is primarily aimed at exploring the reciprocating motion of the human-machine “Indirect piston” and the efficiency of internal friction. The purpose is to have a more in-depth study of the piston theory, so as to have a deeper foundation for the movement of derived multi-dimensional angles in the future. In the future, there will be better development in injection, piston mechanism, and lubrication.

Vibration Actuator System with Small-Scale Size Capable of Visual Inspection of Large Complex Iron Structures

Deterioration of social infrastructure equipment has become a major problem in countries around the world. In the present study, a novel vibration actuator system capable of movement on an iron structure having complicated surfaces, such as steps, is proposed. A vibration actuator capable of reciprocating movement with a small-scale size was prototyped and tested. In consideration of mobility, the size of the vibration actuator is designed to be smaller than 50 mm and the total mass is lighter than 20 g. The experimental result demonstrates that the maximum efficiency of the vibration actuator was 28.1%, and the maximum pulling power was 1.8 N. Furthermore, a vibration actuator system in which two vibration actuators and a wheel having a magnetic force connected by a flexible silicone rubber material was prototyped. This actuator system can move over a step of 48 mm in the horizontal plane and 25 mm in the vertical plane without control. Finally, a machine test was conducted on the frame surface moving, which is difficult even for robots. This actuator system can move at an average speed of 12.1 mm/s within the frame.

A Review Article on Connective Rod

Connecting rod is the vital part of the Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine) that connects the piston and crankshaft by means of various pins. In addition, it transmits the power and converts the reciprocating movement to the rotational motion. The present work is based on detailing the connecting rod origin to the current researches or study done on it. This paper states the different kinds of materials used to manufacture the connecting rod. Besides, the kind of failure of the connecting rod is also explained in the current work. The factor of design of connecting rod is explained using equations and cross-section. Many researchers are studying the and carrying their research on connecting rod, that is also highlighted in this article.

INFLUENCE OF 3D PRINTING technology OF AUTOMOTIVE PARTS MADE OF PLASTICS ON THEIR TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

This paper presents results of tribological examinations of chosen automotive subassemblies made of plastics by using of 3D-printing. The influence of chosen technological parameters, i.e. plastic temperature, the velocity of printing head, and the height of deposited simple layer on wear of samples produced of PA 12 polymer rubbing against hard anodised sliding guide of car sunroof is defined. It was found that samples printed at minimal temperature (t = 240°C), a minimal height of deposited simple layer (h = 0,1 mm), and a minimal (40 mm/s) and maximal (v = 60 mm/s) deposition velocity show the minimal wear. Examining under similar conditions (p = 0.4 MPa, v = 2.5 m/s, reciprocating movement) of samples made by using press moulding cut out from car sub-assemblies for a comparison were carried out. As a result of experiments, it was concluded that the wear intensity of roller stretching drive belt made from composite (PA15GF) and the wear intensity of the belt itself during sliding, caused by seizure of bearing, is so high that menaces engine with damage.

Influence of the type of reciprocating motion on the cyclic fatigue resistance of reciprocating files in a dynamic model

Background The aim of this study was to compare the influence of two novel reciprocating movements on the cyclic fatigue resistance of endodontic reciprocating files. Methods 30 Procodile® (Komet Medical, Lemgo, Germany) files were selected in this study and distributed according to the following study groups depending on the movements to be performed: ReFlex Dynamic (n = 10), ReFlex Smart (n = 10) and Reciproc (n = 10) reciprocating movement. These files were fixed to a specific dynamic cyclic fatigue device designed and manufactured by 3D impression to simulate the pecking motion performed by the operator. The time to failure and the number of cycles of in-and-out of the endodontic files was registered. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Weibull statistics. Results Statistically significant differences were found when the number of cycles of in-and-out movement and the time to failure of ReFlex Dynamic and Reciproc reciprocating movement (p < 0.001) and between ReFlex Smart and Reciproc reciprocating movement (p < 0.001) were compared in pairs. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between time to failure and number of cycles of in-and-out movement of ReFlex Dynamic and ReFlex Smart reciprocating movement (p = 0.253). Conclusions The ReFlex Smart reciprocating movement increased the cyclic fatigue resistance of endodontic reciprocating files compared with traditional reciprocating movement.

Evaluation of the efficacy of XP-endo Finisher, Easy Clean, Passive ultrasonic irrigation, and conventional irrigation in the removal of calcium hydroxide in simulated internal root resorption cavities

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 5 irrigation protocols in removing calcium hydroxide in simulated internal root resorption cavities. Eighteen extracted human teeth, upper anterior and uniradicular, were prepared up to size 50. The teeth were divided longitudinally, and internal root resorption cavities were made by acid demineralization using nitric acid. The same sample was submitted to the five irrigation protocols. The cavities and root canals were filled with Ultracal XS (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) and stored in an incubator at 37ºC for one week. Afterward, the irrigation protocols were carried out: XP-endo Finisher (XPF; FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Easy Clean (Bassi/Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) with reciprocating movement (ECR), Easy Clean with continuous rotation (ECC) and conventional irrigation with a syringe (CI). The solutions used, 2.5% NaOCl, and 17% EDTA, were warmed. The total volume of irrigant used for each sample was 20 mL (10 mL of 2.5% NaOCl, 5 mL of 17% EDTA and 5 mL of distilled water). The amount of calcium hydroxide remaining in the internal resorption after irrigation was assessed using scores. The data were analyzed using the Pearson and Kruskal-Wallis (Dunn) tests. Significantly more calcium hydroxide was removed in the XPF group than all other sample groups (P < 0.0001). XPF was superior to the other methods tested to remove calcium hydroxide in teeth with simulated internal resorptions.

Test of a New Low-Speed Compressed Air Engine for Energy Recovery

The paper presents a new design solution for the multi-cylinder compressed air engine, described in the PL 216801 patent. A characteristic feature of the engine is its double-piston operation with pistons working in pairs in opposition and a reciprocating movement in toroidal cylinders. The energy of compressed air was used more effectively in the described engine than in the solutions known so far. Comparing the engine built in accordance with the PL 216801 patent with the parameters of the MP165 and MP3000 engines, lower air consumption in relation to the power generated on the shaft is demonstrated. The described engine uses only one crankshaft and one straight complex shaft, which constitutes an innovative combination of pistons, while maintaining the same engine operation as in the case of two crankshafts operating with phase shift and working chamber shift. Such a solution results in a reduction in the harmful space occurring at the beginning of the power stroke to the value close to “zero”—the necessity to maintain the minimum distance between the pistons working in one cylinder when they are at their closest exists only to for the sake of collision-free operation—which is very desirable for the compressed engine operating with a shift of the working chamber. The mechanical efficiency of the engine has also been improved by guiding the pistons on the complex shaft, and the number of kinematic nodes was decreased by applying only three connecting rods supporting six pistons, which also makes it possible to improve the power and mass relation by approximately 25% in comparison with the currently known engines of similar power.

The Development of Equipment to Measure Mesh Erosion of Soft Tissue

Mesh erosion is a phenomenon whereby soft tissue becomes damaged as a result of contact with implants made from surgical mesh, a fabric-like material consisting of fibers of polypropylene or other polymers. This paper describes the design and construction of a testing machine to generate mesh erosion in vitro. A sample of mesh in the form of a 10 mm wide tape is pressed against soft tissue (porcine muscle) with a given force, and a given reciprocating movement is applied between the mesh and the tissue. To demonstrate the capabilities of the equipment, we measured erosion using the same mesh and tissue type, varying the applied force and the reciprocating stroke length, including zero strokes (i.e., static loading). For comparison, we also tested four other samples of polypropylene with different edge characteristics. Analysis of the results suggests the existence of three different erosion mechanisms: cutting, wear and creep. It is concluded that the equipment provides a useful and realistic simulation of mesh erosion, a phenomenon that is of great clinical significance and merits further study.